The Challenges for Management in a Global Environment - Research Paper Example

Contemporary Management Issues and Section # of Background: There are lots of alterations that have taken place within the world of business management during the current times. The managers of corporations such as The Enron, The Tyco, The Adelphia, along with The WorldCom as well as a number of mutual funds also insurance companies have been found responsible of performing either immorally or else illegitimately. As a consequence, numerous of these corporations have gone out of business or else are close up to the element of impoverishment, there are tens of thousands of employees who have bee laid off from their jobs, as well as during 2005 the top managers of countless of these corporations were sentenced to extensive prison terms for mishandling of their authority as well as constitutional rights. In addition, the rapidly altering conjugal as well as worldwide environment augmented the call for associations in addition to their managers to uncover fresh ways to take action in order to uphold plus boost their performance. One of these novel strategies has been the increasing use of worldwide outsourcing of information technology, services, as well as manufacturing works to countries abroad in order to trim down the working costs that have shown the way to the loss of millions of jobs within the United States along with the panorama of additional major job losses. Also, to amplify their worldwide competitiveness, there has been increasing pressure on managers to put together new-fangled information technology into each and every one of the features of organizations processes to perk up the elements of efficiency as well as client receptiveness. As a final point, the growing multiplicity of the worldwide workforce has made it very important for managers to appreciate how with why public diverges, so that they can efficiently administer in addition to harvesting the remuneration of diversity. The responsibilities that managers have got to carry out professionally as well as successfully have become more compound and demanding than ever before.( George , 2007) The Challenges for Management in a Global Environment For the reason that the world has been varying more speedily than ever before, the managers along with other employees all the way through an association have got to achieve at higher as well as senior levels. Within the last 20 years, antagonism among associations contending nationally (inside the same country) as well as internationally (within countries overseas) has augmented noticeably. The increase of international organizations, organizations that function as well as struggle within more than one country, have put stern pressure on many other associations to progress their performance as well as to recognize better ways To use their resources. The accomplishment of the German chemical companies Schering in addition to Hoechst, Italian furniture producer Natuzzi, Korean electronics companies Samsung and LG, Brazilian plane maker Embraer, in addition to Europe's Airbus Industries are laying pressure on association within other countries to hoist their echelon of performance to contend productively with these international companies. Even in the not-for-profit sector, international antagonism is provocative change. Schools, universities, police forces, in addition to government agencies are re-examining their processes because of looking at the way things are done in other countries. For example, many curriculum and teaching changes in the United States have resulted from the study of methods that Japanese and European school systems use. Similarly, European and Asian hospital systems have learned much from the U.S. system-which may be the most effective, though not the most efficient, in the world. Today, managers who make no attempt to learn and adapt to adjustments within the international environment find themselves respond rather than innovating, and their organizations often become uncompetitive and fail.53 four major challenges stand out for managers in today's world: building a competitive advantage, maintaining ethical standards, managing a diverse workforce, and utilizing new information systems and technologies. Maintaining ethical and socially responsible standards While gathering together managerial resources, managers at all levels are under substantial pressure to augment the echelon at which their organization perform.55 For example, top managers receive pressure from shareholders to amplify the performance of the entire organization to boost the stock price, improve profits, or raise dividends. In turn, top managers may then pressure middle managers to find new ways to use organizational resources to increase competence or excellence and thus attract new customers and earn more revenues. Pressure to increase performance can be healthy for an organization because it causes managers to question the way the organization is working and it encourages them to find new and better ways to plan, organize, lead, and control. However, too much pressure to perform can be harmful. It may induce managers to behave unethically in dealings with individuals and groups both within as well as exterior to the organization. For example, a purchasing manager for a large retail chain might buy inferior clothing as a cost-cutting measure; or to secure a large foreign contract, a sales manager in a large defense company might offer bribes to foreign officials. During 2004, the four top executives of Lucent's Korean division were fired after it was revealed they used bribery to obtain lucrative contracts for clear in that country. The issue of social responsibility concerns the obligations that a company should have toward people and groups such as customers or the communities in which they operate. An example of companies that act in a socially irresponsible and unethical way is described in the following Ethics in Action.( Jennifer , 2007 ) The basics Of a Consequentialist and his views : Basically Consequentialism indicates the those theories of morality whish state that that consequence of any particular act or action form the foundation for every valid and moral judgement in regards to that particular act or action . There fore it would not be wrong to say that by the standpoint of a consequentialist any act or action is morally correct if it is able to produce as a result good and positive outcomes or else consequences. A consequentialist might as well also put up the argument that to tell a lie is wrong because for the reason that it would ultimately produce negative outcomes, though there maybe certain state of affairs within which a consequentialist might state that lying would be acceptable. Consequentialism can also be compared and contrasted along with a few of the moral theories such as that of the Virtue Ethics. On the other hand the consequentialist theories assume that the consequences of a particular act or action ought to be the foremost focus of all our thoughts in regards to the element of ethics. The virtue ethics persistently state that in actual it is the Character and not the consequences of the actions that should be the point of everyone's attention. There are a few Virtue Ethicists that presume that the consequentialist theories are those that tend to completely ignore the growth as well as the significance of a Moral character . Consequentialist theories on the other hand do seem to consider the element of character in certain particular ways. Also a consequentialist theory might target the maximization of a particular virtue otherwise set of virtues. (James) A ) So thus in a situation where , in the United Kingdom .the retailers in their support of the supply chain that provides the flowers that are out of season at their point of sale . The answer is that in reference to what we have just touched base upon in the above pages. If these retailers are consequentialists , they would simply justify there act by the statement that their act of selling flowers that are out of season , are for those consumers who would like to buy flowers that are out of season for any special reason or occasion of theirs . The consumer groups on the other hand would, use the element of character to a certain extent also. By giving the consequence a little lesser attention. B) Ethics have resurfaced on the schema within the United States as well as in Australia during the current years. This is substantiated by the organization of ethics education agendas within the schools as well as the universities, into research, the arrangement of the Australian Association of Professional and Applied Ethics, along with in the prevalent expansion of the professional codes. The regeneration of the concentration in ethics has developed to a certain degree as an apparent substitute to the officially permitted principle of businesses as well as the professions. Whether ethics is a preferred technique used in order to convince the retailers or the consumers or other professionals to perform as predictable by civilization as well as their peers is dependant on a multifaceted relationship of the elements of law along with morality. Law is referred to as an inadequate element as far as the ethical system is considered. The Codified law concentrates upon the procedures as well as the results rather than the principles. The progression by which the legislation comes into power is dissimilar from the element of ethics; that is, the governmental process by way of the parliament. This is not to reject that that there is an ethical ability to the law. The law has an important role to play within implementing the bare minimum principles of what is accurate as well as what is an erroneous as well as imposing violation; however the regulations can be distorted. We could cover a society within which the scrutinizing of the rules is replaced by social morals. It is very doubtful that we may well have regulations for anything and everything. The authorized as well as the ethical characteristics of proceedings are not very effortless to unscramble, and will in fact over and over again extend beyond. On the other hand, law and ethics need not be within antagonism; they can as well as ought to set off each other as a structure of power over the human behaviour. The element of Ethics, disparate from law, is also with reference to the preference of behaviour. Our self-determination to desire may be restricted by our genes, our atmosphere, our edification as well as our artistic context. The domain of free choice is a philosophic question within its individual right. The endeavour to set of scales regulations and what is 'correct' is instituted within the element of applied ethics, in specific the encoding of the ethical standards. The Rights-based ethics otherwise the contractarianism is supported on a right definite as a privilege, within which the moral rights, dissimilar to the legal rights, scratch across all the philosophies of legal authority. For illustration the right to seclusion is perceived as an essential for autonomy. Its relevance includes the questions such as whether an operation breaches an individuals rights, along with which rights are dishonoured. One more ethical custom is ends-based or else goal-cantered theory. It is also known as the consequentialists tradition within which the goals otherwise the rationales of actions as well as their consequences are essential. One considers the excellent from the pronouncement, which is the consequence; so the last part tends to give a good reason for the means. Consequentialism is a contemporary form of this conjecture. Its best recognized form is that of the utilitarianism which concentrates upon the communal good as well as the social harm of events. Within the classic utilitarianism otherwise referred to as the ethical universalism of Jeremy Bentham the excellent otherwise the end is the contentment or else the furthermost happiness for the maximum number. The predicament with the concept application of utilitarianism is that it is not probable to envisage each and every one of the consequences of an accomplishment, that is, what will be the greatest conclusion for the utmost number of people. The marginal is over and over again surrendered. Also the element of Utilitarianism may well be useful within the cost and benefit analysis by deciding on a loom that takes full advantage of the advantage for all the parties otherwise the stakeholders who are exaggerated by the pronouncement; that is, the utmost net benefit approach. How the ends are accomplished is less important as well as the individual rights are time and again overlooked. Within one profession there may be deviating views of specialized practice for the reason that of the religious, the cultural or the national differences. Universalizing one practiced ethic inside a profession can simply be accomplished by the continuing discourse. Through its knowledgeable practitioners these challenging rules can be understood. This is a superior case in point of virtue ethics in practice, as practice takes position within unambiguous environments. How is standardization accomplished world-wide One has to acknowledge that the more ethnically dissimilar specialized associates are, the more complicated it will be for them to distribute their principles. This is predominantly appropriate within the online environment where specialists as well as their customers will be from all the varying divisions of the sphere as well as encompass deviating political, legal as well as ethical beliefs. (Picot, 200) Unlike the somewhat complex context described above the situation at hand seems simpler. The discussion in detail as above has helped us to form a grim but true picture of how ethics and the element and theories of Consequentialism work together, with reference to the situation where in ,the United States the consumer might use the above theory to justify the retailers act within the supply chain off selling flowers that are out of season . Furthermore the element of the sustainability of our environment also comes into this argument of ours. We thus would not be able to ignore the following core issues within the sphere of the sustainability of our natural environment. The Central issues within the sustainable development of our natural environment : Issues Central to the sustainable development is the individual connection with the natural environment. Even though the environment includes the biotic as well as the abiotic atmospheres, the conventional resource management presents supplementary management consideration only to those workings with meticulous usefulness to the civilization. The concept of Resource management shoots from the premature protection activities that were troubled with the concluding border, moreover sought after to conserve the possessions intended for national exploitation despite the fact that they assured environmental quality. O'Riordan presented a continuing description of the concept of natural resource management. The conventional resource management progressed into an ecosystem management loom after the acknowledgment of the worth of conservation; the acknowledgment of the interconnectedness of natural systems; gratitude of the complication along with the reservations of the natural resources; as well as the understanding of establishing the decision-making process had taken place . An ecosystem loom towards the natural resource management is entrenched within the perception of an ecosystem, the plants, animals, in addition to all the micro organisms which exist within the biological communities as well as which cooperate with each other in addition to the physical as well as chemical environment, by means of the contiguous ecosystems, and with the surroundings. Accordingly, The Ecosystem management incorporates the scientific knowledge of the ecological associations inside a compound socio-political as well as a principles structure towards the all-purpose objective of defending the resident ecosystem and its veracity over the long-term. Without a doubt, several writers advocate that the conservation biologists along with the practitioners of natural resource management have acknowledged the ecosystem management as an up-and-coming way of life otherwise an archetype within which the overruling endeavour is to maintain the veracity of the ecosystems. As a consequence, the appreciation of the perception of an ecosystem set up the impression of ecosystem management. on the other hand, an ecosystem in addition to an ecosystem-based loom ought to be distinguished , in view of the fact that the concluding concentrates on the bigger scales originated on the ecosystem principles. Implementation of sustainable development The Implementation strategies for sustainable development by and large centre on the assessment of a "top-down" otherwise "bottom-up" loom. Countless preliminary proceedings towards sustainable development approach from top-down organizations such as homelands , organizations , along with associations . These proposals in general go behind a succession of steps from the institution of sustainability as a purpose, to the configuration of principles as well as the expansion of pointers. Setting the objective of sustainable development transpired to begin with through the efforts of worldwide organizations such as the WCED as well as proceedings such as the Earth Summit in Rio. Subsequent to the concept of standard configuration is the organization of signs for sustainable development within sectors such as forestry, tourism, mining, fisheries, as well as water. On the other hand, questions take place with reference to the evaluation as well as the worth of these subdivision signs in terms of the capacity, impartiality, connection, as well as indecision. Several researchers query the expansion of the physical signs in terms of the knowledge necessities moreover connected time structure .Explanations from the critics find these top-down advances to be average to weak. As a balance to the top-down approach, supplementary scholars sponsor the bottom-up approach as an additional means to sustainability. Revolutionary conservationist Rene Dubos conceptualized the suggestion .His apprehension on the subject of the human contact upon the environment gave rise to the philosophy think internationally, take action in the neighbourhood. Given Dubos' situation as a consultant to the United Nations Conference on the Human Environment , it is predictable that thinking internationally, acting close by has become a leading intercontinental subject matter, the principles of the world wide reprieve organizations such as OXFAM, furthermore the rationale of the First Global Conference on the Future.( Plummer , 2005 ) Bibliography 1) 2/e George R Jones , Texas , A &M University , Jennifer M George , Rice University , Mc Graw Hill , 2007 Essentials , of contemporary management . 2) 2/e George R Jones , Texas , A &M University , Jennifer M George , Rice University , Mc Graw Hill , 2007 3) James Fisher and Bradley Dodwen in the Internet Encyclopaedia of Philosophy. 4) A Picot , The Ethical Meltdown accountability and the Australian record keeping professional archives and manuscripts Volume no 28 , November ,2000. Livio Iacvino , Ethical principles and information professionals theory Practice and education . 5) Ryan Plummer , The action from an ecosystem management perspective . PhD Department of Recreation and Leisure Studies, Brock University, ON Canada. Journal of Rural and Tropical Public Health (2005) Read More