Why were the indigenous people not engaging in money lending - Book Report/Review Example

95 Early lenders were whether they were Jews Lombards, Cohors or the Templars realized that their financial expertise and foreign status made them objects of envy, derision and retaliation…. Why were the indigenous people not engaging in money lending ? 69 Charging usury and excessive leverage are common today but in the twentieth century new financial techniques were developed…. How did the banking industry evolve in Europe from the time of the middle ages to the modern banking era? 61 A major problem in discussing interest and usury especially in the period before the Roman Empire, was determining exactly how interest was calculated. How was interest calculated before the Roman model of calculation was adopted ? 93 There was a moral and socio-economic framework that accompanied usury laws in many ancient societies including Greece and Rome ? How did the usury laws disadvantage the poor while enabling the rich upper classes ? 92 When the usury prohibition was included in the Nicene prohibitions it acquired doctrinal status. What socio-economic impact did the doctrine against usury have on banking ? 64 As a result rates of usury differed depending on the borrower. What loophole in law caused the unfair treatment of borrowers by lenders ? 62 The Fifth Lateran Council was the last church council to hold discussions on usury. Why did usury cease having negative importance within the church ? 63 The first formal exposition of formal double entry was done by Luca Pacioli. How did the double entry system of book keeping revolutionize banking ? 66 Banking was developing rapidly in Italy…. How did Luca Pacioli method of book keeping boost the banking and trade industry in Italy ? 67 Until the fourteenth century partnerships were the sole method of sharing risk in business What are the new methods of sharing risk that are now available in the market place ? Ironically one financial product(annuities) that escaped the usury discussion in the middle ages because of its political importance. How did annuities gain favor with the church ? 68 ….the borrowers were not the poor so annuities stood a better chance of acceptance ? What did poverty and doctrine have in common that influenced decisions by church and state ? 69 After the fall of Templars banking was in the hands of small banking families. What factor made the Italians more favored as bankers ? 70 The Holy See received revenue from numerous sources…. How did revenue to the Holy See affect the churches attitude towards usury in general ? 71 Because of the break with Rome the way was paved for the Reformers to question the validity of banning all interest. How did the Church Reformers help in establishing support for banking ? 72 The banking houses did good business with the Vatican but not with other borrowers Why was the Vatican and banking relationship a good partnership? 74 Early capitalism did not find support in Luther….. Why would Luther find it difficult to support capitalism in its purest form ? 74 Max Weber called Luthers opinions….backward… What was Webbers economic stance ? 75 Calvin…..extolled interest on land….productivity… Why did the two Reformers namely Luther and Calvin differ on matters of usury ? 75 In Netherlands Lombards were denied communion and their wives put under pressure to change them ? What impact did exemption from communion have on the Lombards. 76 The period of 1545 witnessed an intense political debate on usury…. What circumstances led to the intense debate in 545 ? 76 After an uncomfortable hiatus the 10% rate was restored by the Act of 1571. How did legislation aid in controlling usury ? 76 However some lenders were able to skirt around the law by delaying payments. How did legislation help with the masses ? 76 Different laws applied to the borrowers… Were the masses able to access legal redress in the courts ? 77 Banking had never before been subjected to the law. Did the new legislation help or hamper the banking business ? 77 In the case of the Tudors debasement was just as much an issue as usury ? Was usury as much a deutronomical sin as usury ? 78 The Tudors were well known for their debasement of currency. How did the church and their debasement to the monarchy and the debasement of currency ? Read More