Development, Applications, and Future Trends of Telematics Systems - Assignment Example

Development, Applications, and Future Trends of Telematics Systems Introduction The use of telematics can help the operators to manage assets more effectively and to gain a greater understanding of the performance of their transport operations. The effective use of the right system can help in significant improvements of the fleet security, productivity and efficiency; this can help to reduce fleet mileage, operational costs and the fuel consumption. The improved efficiency can lead to an increase in profitability(Unzuet, Barandiaran, Cortés, Otaegu, & Sánchez, 2011). As compared to the past, the modern telematics are more complex and sophisticated, they are also easier to use and very affordable to the public. This means that they can be used in almost all off the operations. The systems come with distinctive features which enable them to monitor the operations in real time, help the drivers locate the delivery points and avoid the traffic congestions, communicate better with the drivers resulting in an improvement to the operation and better customer service. In this paper we will focus more on the use of telematics in the lost tracking systems(Maurya, Singh, & Jain, 2005) Tracking of stolen vehicle systems Many tracking techniques have been studied and developed in the past few years. The most popular tracking systems include dead reckoning, signpost system, inertial navigation system and GPS. Dr makes use of a magnetic compass together with wheel odometers to determine the route and position of the vehicle. The data that comes from the odometer are in put into an old board computer that computes the vehicles location coordinates. The DR systems accuracies are then expressed as the percentage of the distance that is travelled(Maurya, Singh, & Jain, 2005). The ordinary systems usually achieve an accuracy of in the 2.5 range. However this system has a major error in that it accumulates without the upper limit as the distance that is travelled increases. Another tracking technology is the signpost, the infrastructure of the signpost system includes the beacons that are placed at the roadside locations and in the vehicle receivers, Each time the vehicle passes near the signpost it gets a signal(Al-Hindawi & Talib, 2012). The signal contains information that is related to the location identity. The vehicle responds by transmitting through the signal along with the owner identity. An in vehicle receiver is not expensive; however the roadside post needs more investments since they are expensive(Ejaz, Zeeshan, & Junaid, 2013). The location of the signpost is a major challenge to these systems, this is because it limits the effective area of the AVL, furthermore different areas around the world may adopt different standards of the signpost and the signals, and this makes the cross boundary tracking more complex(Unzuet, Barandiaran, Cortés, Otaegu, & Sánchez, 2011). The INS relies on knowing the first position, velocity and altitude thereafter. It measures the altitude rates and the acceleration. This is the only form of navigation that does not rely on the external features(Unzuet, Barandiaran, Cortés, Otaegu, & Sánchez, 2011). The inertial measurement unit (IMU) and the navigation computers comprise of the INS. The IMU has a clusters o f sensors of accelerometers and gyroscopes which measure the car’s acceleration and the rotation based on the Newton’s first law of motion. Nevertheless the error of the INS will increase without the upper limit as tines goes by(Unzuet, Barandiaran, Cortés, Otaegu, & Sánchez, 2011). In this paper we will shed some light on the GMS technology focus more on the GPS tracking systems since they are the most widely used methods of recovering lost cars(Unzuet, Barandiaran, Cortés, Otaegu, & Sánchez, 2011). GPS Identifies the car location based on the technique of time difference of arrival. This technique calculates the delays in the consecutive signals which is transmitted by the satellite GPS(Unzuet, Barandiaran, Cortés, Otaegu, & Sánchez, 2011). With the differential GPS (DGPS) or real time kinematic (RTK) technology, the accuracy can reach to the centimetre level. DGPS is widely used because of its moderate receiver costs, the implemented nationwide DGPS infrastructure, and the systems that are used to provide the differential information. DGPS can be used to eliminate most of the GPS bias errors which are based on the theory that if a receiver is aware of the position, then the system can be able to calculate the bias that is contributed by the satellites signals(Maurya, Singh, & Jain, 2005). A DGPS Reference receiver is used for the purpose of observing the bias of each satellite and transmits the corrections which are based on the difference of the seen signal and the signals that are predicted. The GPS or the GDPS receiver needs four satellites to be able to calculate the 3D positions(Unzuet, Barandiaran, Cortés, Otaegu, & Sánchez, 2011). As we will later see, terrain factors for example buildings blocks the satellites One major challenge with the GPS tracking systems is the fact that it is hard to track vehicles in the urban centres; this is contributed by the fact that, the urban centre has many high rising buildings and the multi path effect(Unzuet, Barandiaran, Cortés, Otaegu, & Sánchez, 2011). These factors block the satellite signals and therefore make it very difficult to improve the location accuracy to the acceptable ranges using the GPS device only. However, this can be improved by the use of the INS(Maurya, Singh, & Jain, 2005). The INS can be able to carry the navigation solution without using any references, hence a very efficient method when the GPS is absent The vehicle tracking business is in infancy. Many individuals would like to have control over their moving assets. Many customers are demanding for the availability of deliveries that are headed in that direction. The society is demanding for more efficiency when it comes to the transportation sector in general(Al-Hindawi & Talib, 2012). Governments around the world will be immensely interested in controlling their fleet of vehicles in terms of law enforcements and taxation. These factors have implied a promising future on the car tracking services(Alexe & R.Ezhilarasie, 2011). The vehicle tracking system combines the installation of an electronic device in a vehicle or fleet of vehicles. The system has purpose designed computer software that allows the owner or the third party to track the location of the vehicle, collecting data in the process. The modern tracking systems commonly use the global positioning system which is common referred to as the (GPS)(Chen Peijiang, 2008). However, other technology for locating the vehicle can also be used. The vehicle information is viewed on the electronic maps via the internet or specialized software. The GSM and the GPS based vehicle location and tracking devices are responsible for the provision of an effective real time vehicle location mapping and reporting the information value add through the improvement of the service that is provided(Ferome, 1992). To successfully achieve the purpose of vehicle tracking, a group of components has to be put in place. The components have to be selected and carefully combined in a way that caters for the different system variables and clients requirements(Porikli, Davis, & Hammoud, 2014). The components are location determination devices, the communication method, the maps and data processing and the end users. The current GPS is use today is the GPS9321B. This GPS provides the following details; it uses the user position information to locate time and the UTC. The IGRS provides current heading time, date, ground and speed. The most fundamental measurement in the GPS is the pseudo range(Unzuet, Barandiaran, Cortés, Otaegu, & Sánchez, 2011). This equipment receives the PRN code from the satellite and having identified the satellite, the GPS creates a replica code(Maurya, Singh, & Jain, 2005). The rate at which the maxima code must be shifted to the receiver, to maintain the maximum relationship with the satellite e code multiplied by the speed of light, give an approximate of the satellite range(Unzuet, Barandiaran, Cortés, Otaegu, & Sánchez, 2011). The reason it is referred to as the pseudo range is because the measurement must be corrected through a variety of factors so that the true range can be obtained. The kalman filter can be credited with the improved performance in the measure of the true range. In the GPS, the carrier phase is used for the purpose of measuring with a precision that exceeds that one which is based in the pseudo range; however a carrier phase measurement is used in resolving the internal cycle ambiguity whereas the pseudo range is unmistakable(Maurya, Singh, & Jain, 2005).The signal structures the satellite position perturbations and is updated after every few hours. The data stream is produced in the secure code called the Y code. This feature is commonly referred to as the anti spoof mode(Unzuet, Barandiaran, Cortés, Otaegu, & Sánchez, 2011). It is created with the purpose of defeating the deception jam by the adversaries. The C/A code is used for the satellite acquisition and for the determination of the position through the civil receivers(Unzuet, Barandiaran, Cortés, Otaegu, & Sánchez, 2011). The P(Y) code is commonly used by the military and other authorised receivers. The C/A is a gold code of the register size ten. The major features of this system include a sequence length of 1.023 MHZ, it repeat itself after every one millisecond(Unzuet, Barandiaran, Cortés, Otaegu, & Sánchez, 2011). The word chip is used instead of bit in an attempt to indicate that the PRN has no information. The P code is usually a long code, it has a chip rate of times the C/A code or 10.23 MHZ. At this point the P code has the period o f 38.058 weeks, however it is truncated on a weekly basis, this is allow the thirty eight parts to be readily available for constellation(Alexe & R.Ezhilarasie, 2011). Each of the satellite uses a unique C/A gold code family and a different one week segments of the P code sequence(Unzuet, Barandiaran, Cortés, Otaegu, & Sánchez, 2011). A number of methods have been devised to calculate the location of a vehicle. Some of the most common methods are dead reckoning, the ground based radio and the use of GPS. The GPS based vehicle tracking gives the information on the location of the car and how long it has been in a place(Saini, 2012). This system utilizes the geographic position and the time information from the global positioning satellites. The system is equipped with an onboard module. The module is placed inside the vehicle to be tracked; there is a base station that monitors data from various vehicles. The on board module has a GPS receiver and a GSM modem(R.Ramani, et al., 2013). The Global system for mobile communication is the global accepted standard for the digital cellular communication. GSM is the name that was given to a standardization group which was established in the year 1982, with an aim of creating a common European mobile telephone. The GSM modem is a wireless modem that works with the GSM wireless networks(Ejaz, Zeeshan, & Junaid, 2013). The working of the GSM is based on commands. In all the cases, the commands start with an AT (this means Attention) and finish with CR. The AT commands is given to the GSM modem using the PC or the controller. The GSM modem is serially interfaced with controller with the help of MAX 232. The GSM Provides recommendation and not requirement, the GSM specifications define the functions and the interface requirements in great details however it does not address the hardware(Maurya, Singh, & Jain, 2005). The reason for this is for the purpose of limiting the designers, and creating the possibility of the operators to buy equipment from different suppliers. The GSM network is divided into various components or systems. The SS is the switching system, BSS is the base station system and the OSS is the operation and the support system. The operation and the maintenance center, commonly known as the (OMC), is connected to all the equipment in the switching system and to the BSC(Maurya, Singh, & Jain, 2005). The implementation of the OMC is referred to as the operation and the support systems. The OSS functions as an entity, from which the network operator monitors and controls the system. The function of the OSS is to offer cost effective support, for the centralized regional and the local operations. The OSS also creates the network overview and supports the operations and the maintenance activities of the various(Maurya, Singh, & Jain, 2005). The location determination technology is the method of transmitting the positional information from the respective vehicle to the monitoring station. In this situation, the third party providers come to offer the medium of communication which could be the GSM cellular, Tetra networks or the IDEN networks(Maurya, Singh, & Jain, 2005). The selection of the preferred medium is based on several factors, for example, the operation area o f the client. It is important to realise that if live tracking is not necessary, a cheaper option can be provided(Maurya, Singh, & Jain, 2005). This can be accomplished through the installation of a wireless download base station. Using the station, vehicles can send their information at the end of the day by using WIFI, for example Examine for your chosen vehicle type the existing system and identify its distinctive characteristics. The GPS/GSM based tracking system, has been widely used by the Landover cars. This system integrates both the GSM and the GPS technologies. It is immensely necessary due to the numerous application o f both the GSM and the GPS systems and the wide usage of them of them by many millions around the world. The current GPS vehicle tracking ensures safety during travelling. This system is very efficient when it comes to theft prevention. In case a car is stolen(Alexe & R.Ezhilarasie, 2011). As soon as the electronic device has been installed in the vehicle, the vehicle is watched by the orbiting satellite from the outside space. The electronic devices that are stored in the vehicle are very tiny and are hidden to enhance the security. A total of twenty four satellites are found in the outer space. Each satellite orbits the earth in a period of twenty twelve hours(Chen Peijiang, 2008). The satellites in the outer space are placed at specific triangulations to efficiently transmit signals on the earth surface. Tracking is done through the internet though some GPS trackers can be able to send information through the cell phones(Maurya, Singh, & Jain, 2005). The GPS vehicle tracking requires a minimum of three satellites; however twelve satellites can be used simultaneously(Maurya, Singh, & Jain, 2005). The electronic device in the Land rover received signals from the satellites; each of the satellite knows the equivalent distance from each other and its proximity. The satellites von the outer space, have the ability to calculate the exact position of the vehicle on the ground(R.Ramani, et al., 2013). One of the main features of the GPS is that its precision is very high. The device can pinpoint the exact location up to a dozen feet away. However, the accuracy of the GPS is dependent on the weather conditions. This is caused by the fact that signals travel from the outer space through the atmosphere to the device on the ground(Chen Peijiang, 2008). GPS is very efficient when it comes to tracing stolen vehicles. The biggest outstanding feature of this system is that, it has the ability to produce timely accurate information of the vehicle location.GPS increases the vehicle accountability, reducing the number of phone calls to the driver(Chen Peijiang, 2008). The GPS vehicle tracking offers improved safety and security as one is able to monitor their vehicles. Trackster is among the leading GPS devices in the world today. It is especially fitted in the land rovers as a stolen vehicle recovery system. This tracking device deploys the latest GPS stolen vehicle tracking technology to track the stolen vehicle and its where about(Unzuet, Barandiaran, Cortés, Otaegu, & Sánchez, 2011). The systems liaise with the police and recover the stolen vehicle at the shortest time possible. This recovery system pinpoints the location of a stolen vehicle after every twenty seconds. If the vehicle is moved illegally, it is located through the global positioning system. Trackster is the only stolen vehicle approved system in the land rover in the United Kingdom(Alexe & R.Ezhilarasie, 2011). The GPS tracking system can be internet based, this is done to ensure that no software need to be installed by the user and every authorised user can be able to access the system(Chen Peijiang, 2008). However this practise involves a compromise in terms of speed and capability. The systems require monthly subscriptions for the speed of the operation, IT network capacity ad very high security levels(Porikli, Davis, & Hammoud, 2014). The vehicle tracking using this systems monitor and reduce the off rout e mileage, this is done by tracking the driver moments. The awareness of the drivers of this facility may help in reducing the deviations from the route and reduce the total fuel used(Chen Peijiang, 2008) Explain the historical setting of the chosen system. To be able to achieve the basic definition of a new system, there was a meeting that was in the year 1982. The meeting was held under the auspices of the conference of the European posts and Telegraphs (CEPT). They formed a study group that was called (GSM).The purpose of this group was to study and develop a system for the European(Maurya, Singh, & Jain, 2005). In the meeting, several basic requirements that would be met by the new cellular technology were written down. The requirements included a good subjective speech, low terminal and service cost, support for the international roaming, the support of a new range of services and the facilities, compatibility to ISDN and spectral efficiency(Ejaz, Zeeshan, & Junaid, 2013). During the meeting, the levels of under capacity were estimated for the analogue systems. This created a real sense of urgency to the development of the GSM. At the early stage, decisions concerning the exact nature of the cellular technology were not taken at all. All the parties that were in the meeting were working towards the achievement of a digital system. In the year 1987, a decision was made(Ejaz, Zeeshan, & Junaid, 2013). The decision came with a number of advantages, for example, it was possible to gain greater levels of spectral efficiency, and the use of digital circuitry would make it possible to achieve the higher levels of integration in the circuitry(Maurya, Singh, & Jain, 2005). This in turn would result to cheaper handsets that had more features. Nevertheless, in their efforts, there were significant hurdles that needed to be overcome. For example, a lot of encoding the speech encoding methods, within a sufficiently narrow bandwidth needed to be developed. This presented a very significant risk to the project(Maurya, Singh, & Jain, 2005). Originally GSM was designed as a European system, however the very first in indication that the ideas was spreading further across the field was realised when the Australian network provider, Telstra, signed the memorandum of understanding(Maurya, Singh, & Jain, 2005). Originally, it was intended that the GSM would function in the 900MHZ cellular band. In September 1993, Mercury one to one, a British operator, launched a network. The network was labelled DCs 1800. The system operated in frequencies of 1800MHz(Chen Peijiang, 2008). Through the process of adopting new frequencies there were new operators and competition was stiffened. There was an increase in both capacity and spectrum of the system. This trend was replicated in many countries and soon the term that had become common DCs1800 was dropped in the favour of calling it GSM(Maurya, Singh, & Jain, 2005). This is because it was the same cellular technology but operated with a different frequency. In the view of the signals that were used, the signals travelled were slightly shorter; however this was compensated by the addition of more stations. In the United States there was a portion of the spectrum which was using the 1900MHz. The licensing body in the U.S, the F.C.C did not participate in the legislation of the technology that was suitable to use. This ac enabled the GSM to gain a foothold in the U.S(Ejaz, Zeeshan, & Junaid, 2013). The GPS or the Global positioning systems were originally designed by the government of the United States of America. The initial plan was to use the devices as surveillance equipment(Maurya, Singh, & Jain, 2005). After several years, the governments of the U.S signed a treaty with the civilians. The primary aim of the treaty was to allow give the civilians power to purchase the GPS units(Chen Peijiang, 2008). Only the citizens were allowed to get the precise downgraded ratings. Many years after the global positioning systems were made; the military was in charge of controlling the system despite the fact that they had given the civilians permission to purchase the GPS. Besides the development in the United States, Europe developed its own systems called the Galileo; however the U.S military is in control of these systems(Maurya, Singh, & Jain, 2005). The GPS systems are quite expensive however more production of the devices will make them more affordable(Ejaz, Zeeshan, & Junaid, 2013). Despite the innovation that was experienced in the first years of this invention, GPS units have undergone through notable changes and reductions in prices. Many companies have more Likely future developments and their impact on vehicle design. Currently the global positioning system is being used in a number of ways around the world. One of the most notable uses of these devices is in tracking of the stolen vehicles(Porikli, Davis, & Hammoud, 2014). New and unusual developments of the GPS are being proposed and implemented on a regular basis. The future developments of the GPS will see the employment of the street map information directly on the estimation calculation. The likely availability of satellites from the Galileo systems Or Japan will improve the performance of the automobile receivers in the canyon of the urban centres; this will be made possible by the increased number of signals(Maurya, Singh, & Jain, 2005). The expected signal improvements will allow increased receiver sensitivity, it will also reduce the inter channel interference. These improvements in the future will help in the urban canyon and in dense foliage in the rural setting(R.Ramani, et al., 2013). The impact of this development will be significant in the fact that it tracking of stolen cars will be boosted; there is a looming need for GNSS receivers that can be able to handle new signal structures. Currently a number of new GNSS systems are starting to become available(Unzuet, Barandiaran, Cortés, Otaegu, & Sánchez, 2011). The new signal structures will be different from the current C/A PRN codes, which are currently being broadcast on the internet. Almost all the existing civilian receiver’s dispread the PRN codes through a dedicated, custom designed DSP chip which works for a specific set of C/A codes(R.Ramani, et al., 2013). The use of the customs design chips for the new signals is problematic. There will be need for the receiver to utilise different type of signals to process different codes of the PRN. Due to this limitation a receiver will require different types of the chip designs to be able to process several different PRN codes(Maurya, Singh, & Jain, 2005). Otherwise, it will only be limited to use one signal type limiting its performance. For the next five years, this trade off will be immensely troublesome(R.Ramani, et al., 2013) . However, the availability of new signals will increase the gradually as new satellites get launched into space to replace the retired GPS satellites and or to help in assembling the Galileo constellations(R.Ramani, et al., 2013). A receiver that cannot process the new signals will become obsolete when enough new satellites get launched in space(R.Ramani, et al., 2013). New receivers that can be able to process the signals will see much of the processing capacity lying dormant early in its lifecycle before many of the new signals are available. The solution to this problem will lie on the development of a new flexible receiver that will be adapted to new signals without the need for new hardware(Alexe & R.Ezhilarasie, 2011). The field programmable logic gate arrays have the ability to provide one route to a flexible receiver design. The (FPGA) is a costumed designed DSP whose design can be modified through downloading a program. An FPGA offers the flexibility and the potential of implementing powerful parallel computations. Despites its promising results, the use of these systems will be complicated tasks(Unzuet, Barandiaran, Cortés, Otaegu, & Sánchez, 2011). The new GPS signals will offer a number of improvements. The new civilian L2 signal will enable the dual frequency to be able to directly measure and cancel the ionosphere effects, such receivers will enable the dual frequency civilian receivers to directly measure and cancel the ionosphere effects(Unzuet, Barandiaran, Cortés, Otaegu, & Sánchez, 2011). The receiver will increase the sensitivity. Other avenues are being explored to provide the navigation systems in the difficult environments, especially in the indoors and in the urban canyon. One possibility is to use the synchronization signals from the digital TV broadcasts. The signals from this avenue can have 40Db more power than the GPS signals. Their timing preambles can be used in deriving the range information which is relative to the television broadcast towers. Another signal type that is being considered for a similar use is the wide band communication link(Saini, 2012). This system is being developed in South Korea to provide wireless internet access over a wide area. This new methods have the potentials to increase the cell phone based GPS and therefore improve the tracking services in many areas around the world. The only limiting factor about these services is that their usefulness will be limited to localities that have many suitable terrestrial signals(Maurya, Singh, & Jain, 2005). The use of radio technology will be used to achieve flexibility. A real time software radio performs its PRN codes dispreading the functions using the general purpose DSP chip programmed in the conventional programming language such as c(Unzuet, Barandiaran, Cortés, Otaegu, & Sánchez, 2011). This approach will allow the receiver to be able to handle new PRN codes through moderate software changes. GPS has been successfully used onboard in the individual LEO aircraft. The new developments of the GPS, centres on its use for the formation height and the high altitude applications, the CDGPS techniques can be used in measuring the relative positions of formations of the spacecraft to accuracy on the order of 1cm; this is similar to what can be done on the terrestrial’s applications(Unzuet, Barandiaran, Cortés, Otaegu, & Sánchez, 2011). The resulting estimates can then be generated in real time and used in controlling the shape of the formation. They can also be used in processing the measurements, that are made by the radar or any other instrument that is mounted on the element of the formation. Possible applications for the technology will e to develop large aperture phased array radar(Maurya, Singh, & Jain, 2005). Conclusion The vehicle tracking system is becoming a very important aspect in the large cities. It is more secured than any other system. As the vehicle theft increases, people can be able to have control of their vehicles by using the tracking devices. Once a car is stolen, a single SMS can be able to turn of the car. Nowadays, the cost of vehicles is increasing making them valuable in today’s world. Good tracking systems employ both the combination of the GPS signals and the other radio signals, this includes the cell phone own communication signals. The GPS systems tend to work well in the rural settings; other signals however work better in the urban settings where the GPS signals are attenuated too much in the urban canyons or indoors in very large buildings. The assisted GPS uses different information and computational aids which are available in the cell phone networks in order to improve the sensitivity of the GPS receiver to the weak signals. A GPS improves its sensitivity through the reduction of its search space for signals. Since its inception in the year 1973, the global positioning system has come a long way. It has been a major technical and economic success and has provided significant capabilities to many drivers; the system is an essential utility in the 21st century. The system operates by sending one way ranging signals from a constellation of earth orbiting satellites. User’s receivers passively receive the GPS signals and use their spread spectrum pseudo random numbers for the purpose of measuring the time of light of the signal. The corrected information is then combined with information about the satellite position and the clock corrections. The measurement models equation are derived and solved for the purpose of determining the three dimensional user positions. The advanced versions of the GPS systems can be able to determine the relative positions of two or even more receivers. The success of The GPS motivated the European Union to develop a similar system called Galileo. Within the next three years, the completion of the Galileo, will give rise to an improved global navigation satellites in terms of accuracy, availability and integrity of the system. This will in turn improve the stolen car tracking system References Alexe, A., & R.Ezhilarasie. (2011). “Cloud Computing Based Vehicle Tracking Information Systems”. IJCST, 2(1). Al-Hindawi, A. M., & Talib, I. (2012). “Experimentally Evaluation of GPS/GSM Based System Design”. Journal of Electronic Systems, 2(2). Chen Peijiang, J. X. (2008). Design and Implementation of Remote monitoring system based on GSM. Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Mechatronics & Automation, 42, 167-175. Ejaz, Q., Zeeshan, M., & Junaid, M. (2013). Real-Time Vehicle Tracking System Using GPS & GSM. Lambert: LAP Lambert Academic Publishing. Ferome, C. W. (1992). 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Vehicle tracking and classification in challenging scenarios via slice sampling. EURASIP Journal on Advances in Signal Processing. doi:doi:10.1186/1687-6180-2011-95 Read More