Networking: The Maximum Un-Simplified Cable Lengths Multi-Mode Fiber - Term Paper Example

Networking Question What are the maximum un-simplified cable lengths of the following: a) Multi-mode fiber - is a category of optical fiber generally used for communication over a short length of distances, such as within a campus or on a building. Normally, multimode links have data frequencies of 10 Mbit/s to 10 Gbit/s over link lengths of up to 550- 600 meters more than enough for the majority of buildings or small business applications. There is a particular sort of multimode fiber, which even support up to 100 Gb/s data rates. b) Single-mode fiber – These types of fibers function at the 1310 nm or 1550 nm transmission frames, which need higher-cost integrated circuit technology. Sometimes, single-mode fibers are set up in premise mainstay cables or may be set up as "dark" fiber in expectation of future requirements. c) Frame - The measurement of 328 feet has to do totally with collision identification of a Carrier Sense Multi Access / Collision Detection (CSMA/CD) network. Essentially, the length is restricted by the fact that the shortest conceivable frame size (64 bytes) can be directed out on the wire and if a collision happens, the sending node will still be transferring that frame when it detects the collision because of a jam signal or advanced than ordinary amplitude. There is a stipulation that when a collision happens in the course of the first 64 bytes of a frame, this is a regular collision. And if something is out of specification such as the electric wiring is too long and the collision happens in the course of the first 64 bytes, this is a late collision and will not be resent until a higher layer of the OSI model identify that the packet did not succeed to its terminus. One can run lengthier electric wiring and the network will still be operational, however there will be problems. Question 2: What is the network & host number range of the IPv4 address 172.168.224.12/18. Show workings out and explain. The IP address of the network = 172.168.224.12/18 This is a class B network, and hence the address ranges are 128.0.0.0 to 191.255.0.0 Netmask = 255.255.192.0 CIDR Notation of the network = /18 The Network Address is therefore: 172.168.192.0 Usable Host Range: 172.168.192.1 - 172.168.255.254 Broadcast Address: 172.168.255.255 Binary Netmask calculation: 255 = 11111111 255 = 11111111 192 = 11000000 0 = 00000000 =11111111.11111111.11000000.00000000 Network range; HostMin: 172.168.192.1 10101100.10101000.11 000000.00000001 HostMax: 172.168.255.254 10101100.10101000.11 111111.11111110 Total number of hosts: 16,384 Number of usable hosts: 16,382 (deduct 2 from available hosts to obtain usable hosts, to obtain the usable hosts). Question 3: a) Explain how the ARP frame shown below is used to determine the MAC address of a remote host on the same LAN when the destination IP address is known. ARP denotes Address Resolution Protocol. It is employed in association with a layer 2 (Data Link layer) address (MAC address) and a layer 3 (Network layer) address (such as an IP address). When the destination IP address is known, a default gateway and the subnet mask is fixed. As a result, your personal computer can work out for itself that the packet is not intended for the local network. As a substitute, your computer will employ the of the default gateway of the MAC address. When the default gateway (router) obtains the frame it will counter check that the MAC address is similar to its own, so the frame must be a match for it. The network hub will un-encapsulate the data connection frame and forward the data fragment to the network layer (Tildefrugal, 2015). Here at the network layer, the router will check out the IP address terminus (which is entailed in the header of the IP packet) which does not equal to its own. Hence the router will identify that this is a packet that is intended to be sent. The router will check in its routing table for the nearest match to the terminus IP in reference to find out which interface to direct the packet out on. In case a match is established, the router will form a new data link frame designated to the next conveyance (and if the router does not identify the hardware destination for the next launch it will enquire it using the necessary means for the tools in request). The data fragment of this frame will entail the whole IP packet and is forwarded out to the necessary interface. This procedure will endure at each router along the route until the data finds a router linked to the destination network (Tildefrugal, 2015). b) Using a simple LAN diagram for two hosts connected with a switch, show the contents of the ARP frames sent from the: i. Source host (172.16.8.1/A1:A2:A3:A4:A5:A6) ii. Destination host as a response (172.16.8.1/A1:A2:A3:A4:A5:A6) Question 4: Using the attached sheets: a) Draw a diagram of a simple WAN on the sheet, provided that joins two workstations in each of the cities of London, Paris, Berlin & Moscow. b) Using the table on the sheet provided allocate class B addresses to the interface ports paying particular attention to the routers City Device Type Interface Port IPv4 Addre ss S0 S1 E0 London Workstation 1 class B addresses Workstation 2 class B addresses Switch Router Paris Workstation 1 class B addresses Workstation 2 class B addresses Switch Router Berlin Workstation 1 class B addresses Workstation 2 class B addresses Switch Router Moscow Workstation 1 class B addresses Workstation 2 class B addresses Switch Router 5) In reference to a switch: (a) Explain how various switching methods affect the latency of the device. Ethernet switch latency is denoted as the time it consumes for a switch to pass a packet from its gateway port to its terminus port. The lesser the latency, the smaller amount of time the packet requires to remain in the switch waiting to be administered, the quicker the switch, the faster the packets can be directed to the anticipated destination host and eventually the quicker the reply time the greater application can own. It’s very vital to comprehend the terms of switch latency in numerous switching approaches and the methodology to acquire the most accurate latency measurements. Many variables can affect the accuracy of the latency measurement outcomes, such as the station of the time stamp in trial packets, the circulation flow frequency and configuration, etc. Occasionally an inaccurate setting of a single variable can radically alter the latency calculations outcome (Cisco, 2015). (b) Discuss the implications of micro-segmentation Microsegmentation is the allotting of a network through employing network switches such that only two computer cohabit within every collision domain. This collision domain is a rational part in a computer network in which packets can collide with each other. This can consequence to corrupted and inoperable messages. Question 7: Discuss how Quality of Service in a LAN environment can be affected and what steps can be taken to ensure all users get the best experience possible. Networks functions on a best-effort provision basis, which imply that all traffic has a matching urgency and an equivalent opportunity of being conveyed in an appropriate timing. When traffic happens, all congestion has an equal opportunity of being dropped. When setting up QoS on the device, one give preference to network traffic, generating QoS policies and implementing the guidelines to the VLAN designed for the device. Applying QoS in your LAN subjects network performance more liable and bandwidth use more operational. If a user does not use VLANs on his network, one can apply the QoS policies to the radio and Ethernet ports. (8) Using the screen shot below, explain: a. What does the command ping -i 2 -c 5 -s 1000 209.85.227.147 do? The code would report that there is a bad format (-c 5). The –c 5 code is incorrect, since the section should contain –n 5 instead. In this case it would instruct the ping command to send 5 ICMP echo requests, instead of the default 4.  b. What does the screen shot show has happened? The screen shows that no data was lost, since the initial 5 packets which were sent by the ping, where wholly received back. The window also shows that the time taken for 72 bytes to be completely transmitted is averagely 48 sec (note that any fraction value above 48 is ignored.). The window also shows that, the average time for the 5 pings was 8010ms.  c. How does ping work and what types of error message may be returned Ping is a technique, through which a computer checks the availability of another computer, through network protocol. Ping is computer management utility software employed to try the accessibility of a host on an Internet Protocol (IP) network and to measure the round-trip time for communications sent from the initiating host to a terminus computer and back. Ping functions by directing (ICMP) Internet Control Message Protocol echo application data fragments to the destination host and coming up for an ICMP echo respond. It calculates the time from broadcast to response and detects any packets loss. Output differs broadly reliant on application. They often include varying the size of the payload, number of assessments, and confining the series of hops. The consequences of the trials typically encompasses a arithmetical abstract of the response packets attained, including the maximum, minimum, and the standard deviation of the mean and mean round-trip times. The commons errors in ping are:- Destination unreachable – this error message indicates that the specified route cannot be found. The reason could be that the route has an error or the destination (other computer) is unavailable. A remedy would be verifying the route details. Request timeout error – this error is common in ping. It indicates that the designated time expired without receiving a response on the sent echo. Ping Request Could Not Find Host – this error indicates that the host IP provided could not be understood. Possibly, a typo occurred.  References Cisco, (2015). Cut-Through and Store-and-Forward Ethernet Switching for Low-Latency Environments. [online] Available at: http://www.cisco.com/c/en/us/products/collateral/switches/nexus-5020-switch/white_paper_c11-465436.html [Accessed 27 May 2015]. Ripe.net, (2015). Understanding IP Addressing and CIDR Charts — RIPE Network Coordination Centre. [online] Available at: https://www.ripe.net/about-us/press-centre/understanding-ip-addressing [Accessed 27 May 2015]. Tildefrugal, (2015). How ARP works. [online] Available at: http://www.tildefrugal.net/tech/arp/ [Accessed 27 May 2015]. Read More