Hardware and Software Information Technology - Assignment Example

Answer should be 500 Words for Each Question.  Be thorough in your answers and use a reference to support your opinion. . I also included sum useful links at the bottom of attached document to help you to complete this assignment . Please note that for each question you must provide 2 separate referencing I would like to remind you about the importance of making your personal contributions original, i.e., NO direct copy & paste unless you use citation marks (quotes, “ “) and then discuss the citations in your own words.

It is also important to remember to reference your work - including images taken from somewhere else. ALL answers you provide must be composed in a majority of your own words and interpretation of ideas (for more details please re-read carefully your Academic Honesty Declaration). DQ1 Week 8-Intelligent Agents Our book discusses hardware implementations of intelligent agents. Find in the literature instances of intelligent agents as software. Compare and contrast these two implementations. Answer: Intelligent agent as software: In order to finish a specified task in successful manner software intelligent agent collects data and information from its environment.

There must be intelligence in the software so that it can adjust itself in the existing environment and should become accustomed to the changes happening in the environment. Software can be considered as software agent if it can incessantly carry out three operations that are: 1. Awareness of dynamic situations in the environment 2. It can exploit the influential conditions in the environment, and 3. It can analysis perception, resolve troubles, deduce conclusions, and decide what procedures should be adopted for the particular situations.

The most important worth of making use of software intelligent agents with extranet, intranet, Internet, applications is that they are capable to help out in tracing, filtering and sorting out relevant data and information. The decisions which are appropriate and necessary for the users are made by the intelligent software agents therefore they save time by doing this. They are intelligent enough to filter data through the network and numerous databases easily and with reliable decisions in order to extort the most excellent data (Prehall, n.d.).

Hardware Implementation of Intelligent Agents: Examination of the existing operations and processes of microprocessors that are present today and a succeeding adaption of algorithmic steps are necessary for an efficient and successful hardware implementation of intelligent agents. For instance, fuzzy membership value can be represented by pulse duration modulation which is also known as pulse width modulation. Bitwise AND and bitwise OR logic should be used with bit duration techniques in order to perform hardware implementation of fuzzy primitives on standard microprocessors.

The hardware implementation of intelligent systems are facing difficulties in storing analog signals efficiently therefore most of these implementations carry out mixed analog-digital approach. The parameter which must be considered before manufacturing hardware for intelligent agents is to decide the maximum number of inputs/outputs (Teodorescu, 2001). DQ2 Week 8-End of the Proof? The computer has opened a new method for mathematical examination. Up until now every mathematical proof was based on previous theorems and their proofs.

Now, instead of proving a theorem, we have the possibility of trying all of its individual cases, provided their number is not infinite. Some label this approach as "the end of the proof" and accept this to be as good as an analytical proof. What is your opinion? Would you accept this or do you find this method inferior to a formal proof? Answer: The approach “end of the proof” is superior to the formal proof which was based on previous theorems and their proofs. The reason is that in the “end of the proof” approach we have the possibility to try all of the individual cases (except those having infinite number of cases).

There are many possibilities which can be missed if we try to prove by previous theorems. There could be some assumptions which were made previously for certain theorems and if we use that theorem to prove something then there is a possibility that assumption would not be valid for our present case. Moreover, the computer mathematical examination is far speedy then manual testing. Although in end of the proof approach all the individual cases are tested but still they can end up with a result earlier than manual testing.

In this fast moving era, time is the most important factor which should be considered before adopting any approach therefore, with respect to time efficiency the newer approach of mathematical examination that is “end of the proof” must be preferred over the previous approach. The end of proof approach is more reliable as compared to the formal approach of mathematical examination that was based on previous theorems and their proofs. The reason is that all the cases can be tested properly and individually therefore there is very less percentage of error when it is implemented practically.

But on the other hand it is not correct to say that formal proof approach is of no use today.  The mathematical proof by formal approach is done by deriving one proposition from another. For situations where there is infinite number of cases then the computer examination cannot be used to test each and every case. For that case previous theorems and their proofs must be used to prove the case (Proofs, 2001). In short it can be said that end of the proof is reliable and time saving approach but only depending on that approach and neglecting the formal approach of mathematical examination is not a good idea.

References: Prenhall (n.d.) Software Intelligent Agents,[online] Available at: http://wps.prenhall.com/wps/media/objects/260/267260/online_appendices/Turban-AppendixD.pdf [Accessed: 24th Sep 2011]. Proofs (2011) Proofs in Mathematics, [online] Available at: http://www.cut-the-knot.org/proofs/index.shtml [Accessed: 24th Sep 2011]. Teodorescu, H. et al. (2001) Hardware Implementation of Intelligent Systems, New York: Physica Verlag, p.104-105. Here are a few links to get you started:   1.

Resources on Artificial Intelligence   http://www.aaai.org/   http://www.jair.org     2. LISP, one of the AI languages   http://www8.informatik.uni-erlangen.de/html/lisp-enter.html     3. Neural networks   http://www.cmg.org/downloads/domanski.pdf     4. Turing Machines   http://www.turing.org.uk/bio/part3.html     5. Computer and Brain links   http://www.merkle.com/brainLimits.html   http://www.merkle.com/humanMemory.html   http://www.transhumanist.com/volume1/moravec.htm   http://mitpress.mit.edu/e-books/Hal/chap7/seven15.

html     6. Software agents: www.agentland.com