How Parental Feeding Behaviors Affect the Weight of Children Aged 6-9 Years in the Asian Community - Research Proposal Example

Parental feeding behaviors and how these can affect the body weight of children aged 6-9 years in the Asian community in Manchester al affiliation Tutor Date Parental feeding behaviors and how these can affect the body weight of children aged 6-9 years in the Asian community in Manchester Background It is the parents’ role to observe childrens nutritional behavior and they are the center of communal physical condition planned to recover children’s feeding habits. Through, this they decrease the commonness of childhood obesity. The contemporary UK supports awareness of healthful food selections, but offers modest supervision for parents on infant –feeding habits (Darcy, et al, 2006). Feeding process is a most important external factor in the investigation of early years overweight (Birch, 2003). Dietary practice fashioned in childhood is expected to continue into maturity, so an unhealthful diet in early days has effects on health all through the existence line (Klesges, 2006). Gregory, et al (2010) indicate that parental feeding styles determine the amount of food intake by the children. They however indicate that though the implications of too much food intake might not cause immediate obesity, in the long run a great percentage of them end up being obese. Parents’ manipulation is a concept to be valued in detail in initial childhood, when parents take action as givers, implementers and responsibility models (Myles et al, 2004). Therefore, parents of little children are constantly the center of communal physical condition interventions intended to get better children’s feeding frame and by this means decrease the occurrence of childhood fatness. For instance, sure social group give confidence to parents and children to acquire knowledge in healthful cooking and natural growing of vegetables. Even though, numerous factors are belief to pressure parental food alternative. Parents with high-quality nutritional awareness or food information are extra expected to make healthful food selection for their own children. Observational research studies have indicated that advanced levels of motherly nourishment knowledge are connected with privileged fruit and vegetable consumption, and lower body fat consumption by children (Variyam et al, 2009). The existing UK nutritional interventions imitate these acquaintance actions relations by advocating for healthful food selection, for instance, the healthful beginning and five day services and creating awareness of the content nutrients in foods (Gibson, et al, 2008). Additionally, grownups that were obese during infancy have an advanced risk of budding metabolic syndrome, dyslipidemia hypertension, diabetes, and coronary heart disease than individuals that were not overweight during infancy (Gibson, et al, 2008). There are many factors in the family unit situation that can influence young children feeding actions and, eventually, their obese outcome. Parents carry out an imperative role in the growth of their child’s feeding likes and dislikes and vigor intake, with studies showing that particular child eating procedures, like exerting control over what and how children feed, may add to childhood obesity. The study aims at conducting an investigation on parental feeding behaviors and how these can affect the body weight of children aged 6-9 years in the Asian community in Manchester. Objectives The study was guided by the following objectives; 1- To critically review and examine current literature on parental feeding styles in relation to their children’s body weight.  2- To analyse parental perceptions of the nutrition and health needs of their children.  3- To determine the main factors in parental feeding styles that may cause children to become overweight.  4- To draw conclusions and provide recommendations in order to improve parental awareness about the nutritional and health needs.  Justification of the study The findings will help health researchers to identify areas of further research. Policy makers in various health organizations and parents may gain information on how to handle obesity among children. The findings will be used by other researchers to develop a study conceptual frame work. Policy makers will use the findings in developing academic journals that can be used in monitoring children obesity. The findings can be used to elaborate and give further recommendations on child hood obesity. Literature review This section presents a literature review based on the research objectives. The main is to generate knowledge gap of what other researchers have conducted based on parental feeding behaviors and how these can affect the body weight of children aged 6-9 years in the Asian community in Manchester. Parental feeding styles In two research studies using group discussions, mothers discussed a broad variety of child hood-feeding behaviors. They presented a control or constraint on the quantities or food consumed, back-up or force to consume, by means of food, as a prize or inducement for example, good actions by means of food to appease children, provided that treats and cooperative necessities (Sherry, et al, 2003). Initial observational research studies established that parental assessment predisposed childrens foodstuff assortment. When offsprings of aged 4–7 years were permitted to select food without restraint from an assortment of foods, they preferred a large figure of foods shrill in extra sugar. When the children were informed that their mothers were going to monitor the mealtime, they had chosen, selections were considerably lower in additional sugar than in the past (P < 0.05). When mothers really observed their childrens choice, childrens selection were considerably subordinate in whole calories, soaked body fat and salt than the earlier selection (P < 0.05).These consequences designate that little children possibly will make improved food selections when they believe that their parents are studying them (Klesges, 2001). A number of biological factors have contributed to growing rates of obesity among children. These includes parents extra hours exhausted in inactive behavior such as, watching movies and playing workstation or video sports competition, and the availability of quick foods and the fantastic sizing of quick foods that result to foods high in body fat and sugar. Two other factors contributing to child hood obesity that are being observed more intimately, by researchers are urban spread out, and the high proportion of all parents, and in specific, parents working out of home (Cooke et al, 2006). Parental perceptions of the nutrition and health needs of their children A current study from the Nationwide Government department of Financial Research on the association between mother’s jobs outside the residence and childhood size establishes a direct causal association among more concentrated motherly work hours and obese children. Mothers, who work for more hours each week, were more expected to have an obese child than mothers who spent fewer hours at work or those did not have jobs at all (Anderson, 2002). This inclination was predominantly apparent for children of European mothers, of sophisticated mothers, and of high- earnings mothers. From the 1970’s, motherly employment has than increased, and childhood fatness has increased rapidly (Anderson, 2002). An additional observational research, establish that young girls whose parents observe their consumption of junk foods were expected to use them without delay after eating food, when they were not starving (P < 0.05) (Fisher, et al, 2003). Young girls were specified to ten junk foods for ten minutes. After ten minutes, a number of the young girls admitted that they had consumed too many junk, and a small percentage of them felt awful. It is likely that parents, who confine junk foods, do so in answer to their children predisposition to consume snacks in the nonexistence of lack of food or equally, that parental constraint promotes this kind of activities (Saelens, et al, 2000). The next factor that leads to infancy overweight is the parents not receiving enough body work out activities. This lack of body work out activities is a result of lack of significance on considerable education in homes and at education centers. More predominantly, there has been a twist in the development of grass root games education and all-purpose reduce in the quantity of time through and past school that is dedicated to bodily leisure interest (Anrig, 2003). Longitudinal research study established that parental assessments of fat consumption at age 5 reduces child hood overweight at seven years. Childhood overweight at three years were recorded, and children with low down hereditary jeopardy of overweight were reduced (P < 0.05) (Faith, et al 2004).This indicates that parental assessment assists to control childrens fat consumption. A research study conducted in UK indicated that motherly control of hard food eating moderated child weight increase in the initial year of existence (Farrow, et al 2006). Motherly influence was connected with dependable weight increase all through the year, while low to reasonable motherly control was connected with sluggish development (initial six months) followed by capture -up development (subsequent six months) or associate (Johannsen et al, 2006). Consequently, it seems that children have a normal capability to self- control their eating and weight increase, so motherly control at this period is pointless and may be unproductive (Faith et al, 2003) In elder girls, affectionate control has been associated to higher proportion dead body fat (Johannsen et al, 2006). On the other hand, other research studies establish an opposite association between parental manipulate and child overweight (Robinson et al, 2001). A cross- analysis research study found that forceful behaviors like forcing kids to finish the whole lot of food on their serving dish, and making them to consume healthy food, indicated that, children tend to eat a lot leading to increase in body weight. These pressuring actions focused on higher vegetable and fruit consumption, and lesser fat consumption by children, while providing a good model, and making healthful foods obtainable established lesser fat consumption. Even though, causal relations are not provided by cross- analysis research studies, these findings also proposed that, some children -feeding habits might have advantageous special effects on nutritional intake (Bourcier et al, 2003). The main factors in parental feeding styles that may cause children to become overweight Cross-sectional research reveals that there is a positive relationship between childrens heaviness and parental feeding habit. The experiential parental performance might be a reason of the childs overweight; it might be receptive to the childs weightiness like have control over a child looking fat. Alternatively, it might merely reproduce communal genes in the areas of consumption and feeding (Grilo, 2001). Assortments of feeding styles second-hand by parents have been connected to children’s heaviness. From Scaglioni, Salvioni & Galimberti’s (2008) study, parents act as role models to their children in terms of feeding behaviors. If the parents control the amount of food being in taken by their children, dietetic control is evident; thus, positive feeding behaviors. In the event of a vice versa, unhealthy feeding behavior will be experienced by the children who end up over consuming food, ultimately obesity trickles in. Plomin, et al. (2002) indicate that parents play a vital role in determining the feeding style of their children and whether they become obese. The family unit feeding environment has indeed contributed to obesity in the children, since the children are used to food, not only to satiate hunger, but also as a formality. In this case, a great percentage of these children have ended up being obese, from the perception that eating more is being healthy. A child will possible expand a diet comparable to the one their parents possess and children usually share the identical food likeness and dislikes same as their own. This research coincided with that of Clark et al. (2007) who established that parental nutritional habits are pungently connected with the quantity and foundation of calories that children eat. According to Clark et al. (2007), parents who are conscious of nutritional reimbursement and detriments are likely to inspire healthful food selection in their own children. Parents that are not in harmony with their individual physical condition and nourishment cannot be expecting their children to expand in good physical shape diets. In actual fact, children with an overweight parent are likely to be overweight themselves. Recommendations in order to improve parental awareness about the nutritional and health needs Though, parents become familiar with convinced eating styles with the good intentions, they are frequently uninformed of the overturn special effects it might have on their kids. Clark et al. (2007) noted that, parental eating habits have a great pressure on childhood overweight rates. They suppose that by giving parents with the appropriate information, and supervision on feeding procedures, childhood heaviness can be prohibited (Clark et al, 2007). Almost all authors have the same opinion that parents require to be knowledgeable and aimed at the most excellent child eating methods to keep away from extreme child heaviness increase and a existence -time of difficulties (Clark et al., 2007). Parents ought to avoid using constraint, support, and oblige when giving their children food (Clark et al, 2007). A number of authors have recognized interchange feeding approaches. In addition to imposing ways of parenting, the parents can assist their kids enhance life-long wholesome consumption activities by functioning a “separation of conscientiousness” (Clark et al, 2007). By means of this, parents are responsible for deciding the time to give children food and what food to offer their children. However, children are only responsible for deciding how much the children eat. This is to a great extent enhanced clarification to parental restriction and force for the reason that it makes children to appropriately manage their food eating, which is a talent that is indispensable for enduring weight supervision (Clark et al, 2007). Birch et al. (2003) argue that parents not to depend on constraint, oblige, or corroboration feeding methods, particularly if they are worried about their child’s heaviness. As an alternative parents ought to center on heartening their children to eat improved foods and set restrictions on how much junk food can be eaten. They ought to also assist children be taught segment control by surroundings a serving dish with the appropriate quantity of food. By allowing children consume truthfully from the container or bottle, parents are encouraging their children to overindulge in eating (Birch et al., 2003). 3.0 Research design and methodology This section describes the procedures and strategies that will be used in the study under the following sub headings: research design, target population sample size, sampling procedures, research instrument, data collection procedures and data analysis procedures. 3.1 Research Design A research design is the understanding of circumstances for compilation and analysis of data in a way that aims to unite significance to the study purpose with cutback in procedure. Research design is the theoretical structure within which research is done, consists of dejected print for compilation, dimension and examination of data. Survey design will be used since it is widely acknowledged as an appropriate strategy for capturing the opinion, perception and attitudes of people about events which in this case Parental feeding behaviors and how these can affect the body weight of children aged 6-9 years. The design is applicable is producing results that can be generalized in other areas of similar characteristics. The design will be applicable in analyzing items in the questions especially determining the opinions and perceptions. 3.2 Target Population Population is the district in which the researcher obtains information from. A sample is a segment of researcher’s populace that the researcher is in point of fact available for survey (Mugenda & Mugenda, 2009). The target population is all Asian parents. 3.3 Description of Sample and Sampling The research study will use stratified random sampling to select all Asian parents. This is because the main aim is to analyse the impact of parental feeding style factors on the body weight of Asian children. 3.4 Description of Data Collection Instrument Two instruments will be used for this evaluation. These are questionnaire for Asian parents. This is a parental feeding where the parents will feel the background sections to obtain some back ground information then feel the next section. The 24 hour recall recorded for food will be used to show the children food records within twenty four hours. The two instruments will be used to obtain information about the feeding habits of the Asian children. 3.5 Description of Data Collection Procedures Questionnaires will be distributed to the respondents who will be required to fill and return to the researcher. Records will be recorded by the researcher who will also analyze the relevant records. The parents will use the 24 hour record to record how they monitored their children feeding habits. Validity of the instruments Validity refers to the level to which a research tools procedures what it purports to gauge, and as a result permits suitable understanding of scores (Mugenda & Mugenda, 2009). Pilot study will be used to determine the validity of the instruments. 3.7 Reliability Reliability refers to the steadiness of a measure. A test is measured reliable if we obtain the identical result frequently (Mugenda &Mugenda, 2009). The researcher will use test re test method to measure reliability. It is calculated by administering an experiment twice at two dissimilar points in time. This type of dependability assumes that there will be no transformation in the excellence or create being calculated. In most situations, dependability will be advanced when modest time has approved among tests. The findings from the two tests will then be interrelated using the Kuder-Richandson method. According to Mugenda & Mugenda (2009), this is a method of calculating reliability of test results by the use of a single direction of a test for research, a reliability coefficient of at least 0.70 and preferably higher for it to be considered as good and for the instrument to be considered reliable. 3.6 Description of Data Analysis Procedures The quantitative data will be analyzed using frequencies, and percentages. Data from interviews will be organized into themes and narratives. The important micronutrient and use a software calls Netwisp to analyse the 24 food recall. Some of the responses from the questionnaires will be coded and analyzed into descriptive statistics. The qualitative part will be grouped into themes and narratives. The researcher will finally draw conclusions and recommendations from information obtained based on the study objectives. The raw data collected will be systematically organized so as to carry out the data analysis using SPSS version 17.0. Conclusion Conclusively, parents are the major determinants of the kind of feeding behaviors their children will develop. This ultimately determines whether children will become obese or not. The early years of the children are crucial in terms of determining the kind of adulthood they lead, in terms of their weight. In this case, parents must be keen to regulate the amount of foods they children intake at a tender age. It is of essence that they closely monitor their children feeding habits and ensure that the environment is suitable for proper growth and the contents of the nutrition of the children are fit for normal growth. References Anderson, P., Butcher, K., &Levine, P., 2002. Maternal Employment and Overweight Children. National Bureau of Economic Research. Anrig, C., 2003. The obese child. Dynamic Chiropractic. 21: 27-31. Birch, L. L, Fisher, J. O., & Davidson, K. K., 2003. Learning to overeat: maternal use of restrictive feeding practices promotes girls’ eating in the absence of hunger. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 78, 215-220. Bourcier, et al., 2003. Evaluation of strategies used by family food preparers to influence healthy eating. Appetite; 41(3):265-72. Clark, et al., 2007. How do parents’ child- feeding behaviors influence child weight? Implications for childhood obesity policy. Journal of Public Health, 29 (2), 132-141. Cooke, L., Carnell, S., & Wardle, J., 2006. Food neophobia and mealtime food consumption in 4-5 year old children. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity. Darcy, et al., 2006. Influence of Parents’ Eating Behaviors and Child Feeding Practices on Children’s Weight Status. Obesity; Vol. 14 No. 3. Faith, et al., 2004. Parental feeding attitudes and styles and child body mass index: prospective analysis of a gene-environment interaction. Pediatrics; 114:e429-36. Farrow, C., &Blissett, J., 2006. Does maternal control during feeding moderate early infant weight gain? Pediatrics; 118(2):e293-8.Fisher, J.O, &Birch, L., 2001. Parents restrictive feeding practices are associated with young girls negative self-evaluation of eating. J Am Diet Assoc;100(11):1341-6. Gibson, E., Wardle, J. &Watts, C.J., 2008. Fruit and vegetable consumption, nutritional knowledge and beliefs in mothers and children. Appetite ;31(2):205-28. Gregory, et al., 2010. Maternal feeding practices, child eating behaviour and body mass index in preschool-aged children: a prospective analysis. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity, 7:55. Available at: http://www.biomedcentral.com/content/pdf/1479-5868-7-55.pdf Grilo, C. M., & Pogue-Guile, M. F., 2001. The nature of environmental influences on weight and obesity: A behavior genetic analysis. Psychol Bull. 110: 520–537.  Johannsen, D.L., Johannsen, N.M., & Specker, B.L., 2006. Influence of parents eating behaviors and child feeding practices on childrens weight status. Obesity (Silver Spring); 14(3):431-9. Klesges, et al., 2001. Parental influence on food selection in young children and its relationships to childhood obesity. Am J Clin Nutr; 53(4):859-64. Mugenda, O., & Mugenda, G., 2009. Research Methods; Qualitative and quantitative Approaches. ACTS: Nairobi. Myles, et al., (2004) Parent-Child Feeding Strategies and Their Relationships to Child Eating and Weight Status. Obes Res.12:1711–1722. Plomin, et al., 2002. Parental Feeding Style and the Intergenerational Transmission of Obesity Risk. Obesity Research, 2002; Vol. 10 No. 6. Available at: http://www.ucl.ac.uk/hbrc/diet/186.pdf Robinson, et al., 2001. Is parental control over childrens eating associated with childhood obesity? Results from a population-based sample of third graders. Obesity Res; 9(5):306-12. Saelens, B., Ernst, M., & Epstein, L., 2000. Maternal child feeding practices and obesity: A Discordant sibling analysis. Int J Eating Disorders; 27(4):459-63. Scaglioni, S., Salvioni, M. & Galimberti, C., 2008. Influence of parental attitudes in the development of children eating behaviour. British Journal of Nutrition, 2008; 99, Suppl. 1, S22–S25. Available at: http://wealthandhealth.ltd.uk/articles/Influence%20of%20parental%20attitudes%20in%20the%20development%20of%20children%20eating%20behaviour.pdf Sherry, et al., 2004. Attitudes, practices, and concerns about child feeding and child weight status among socioeconomically diverse White, Hispanic, and African-American mothers. J Am Diet Assoc; 104(2):215-21. Variyam, J., & Blaylock, J., 2008. Unlocking the mystery between nutrition knowledge and diet quality. Food Rev; 21:21-28. Read More