Pathology in Thyroid, Female Pelvis and in Male Testicular - Research Paper Example

Pathology in Thyroid, Female Pelvis, And in Male Testicular Pathology in Thyroid, Female Pelvis and in Male Testicles Common health problem encountered by many people in the world can be avoided if people would have appropriate information about their causes, symptoms and remedies. Thyroid disorder is one of the health problems. Thyroid disorder is scientifically used to represent diseases entailing thyroid glands and thyroid hormones. The two main categories of thyroid disorders are hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism. This grouping is based on the decrease or the increase in thyroid hormone serum. Hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism can be additionally classified basing on factors such as physiological abnormalities or etiological factors. On the global scale, individuals affected by thyroid diseases are estimated to be more than thirty million people yet many cases remain undiagnosed. Thyroid disorder incidences are higher in women than in men. Additionally, the disorder is prevalent in adults than in children. This is because the disorders are primarily influenced by age and sex. In women, the prevalence of hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism are estimated at 0.8% or much less, basing on a number of epidemiological studies (William, 1994). It is estimated that the rate of prevalence stands at 1.5% for women aging sixty five and above (Yener, Ilter & Mid, 2011). This paper explores thyroid pathology in depth. It cuts across the male and female thyroid, as well as the male testicular and the female pelvis. It aims at exploring all symptoms that are experienced by patients with thyroid disorders, as well as the associated pathology ultrasound findings. Various diagnosis plans and treatment of the thyroid are also discussed in this paper. Thyroid gland has an influence on virtually all the metabolic processes in human bodies. It does this by producing the hormone thyroxin. Thyroid disorders range from, small, harmless enlarged gland goiter to cancer that is life threatening. The commonest problems associated with thyroid disorders are involves the abnormal over-production thyroid hormone. This leads to hyperthyroidism condition. Production of insufficient hormone, on the other hand, leads to a condition known as hypothyroidism. Although the conditions are uncomfortable and unpleasant, if well diagnosed, thyroid disorders can easily be treated and managed. The hyperthyroidism condition occurs because of a number of factors. These are the Graves ’ disease, the toxic adenomas, the sebacute thyroiditis and the malfunctioning pituitary gland or the cancerous thyroid gland growth. The Graves ’ disease is characterized by over production of excess thyroid hormone while for the toxic adenomas, thyroid glands develop nodules that produce thyroid hormones, therefore, upsetting the chemical composition of the body. The subacute thyroiditis causes thyroid inflammation making them leak the extra hormone. This leads temporarily to hyperthyroidism that last for few months. On the contrary, the hyperthyroidism condition is caused by Hashimoto’s thyroiditis. In this autoimmune disorder, the thyroid tissues are attacked by the body making it die and eventually stop producing the hormone. Secondly, the thyroid glands removal may cause hyperthyroidism. This arises when it is surgically removed or destroyed chemically. Thirdly, using lithium drug, as well as, excessive exposure to iodine also causes hyperthyroidism. Sinus and cold medicine, the amiodarone or contrast dye that is given before x-ray can expose one to iodine. Hypothyroidism is dangerous to infants and newborns. Lacking the hormone during early ages leads to dwarfism and mental retardation in infants (Yener, Ilter & Mid, 2011). The thyroid being the core controller of metabolism, its malfunctioning affects all aspects of an individual health. In particular, this includes depression, weight and levels of energy. If undiagnosed, thyroid gland disorders increase other risks. These include anxiety, infertility, obesity, depression, hair loss, heart diseases, sexual disfunctioning and a host of health symptoms. Signs and symptoms of thyroid disorders include the Tendonitis problem or joint and muscle pains, skin or hair changes, neck enlargement, bowel problems, fertility disorders and irregularities in the menstrual. The hypothyroidism or the hyperthyroidism can be diagnosed by conducting a test on thyroid hormone level in the blood. This will involve measuring thyroxin hormone produced by thyroid glands, as well as levels of thyroid stimulating hormone which is produced by pituitary glands. High TSH quantities circulate in the body as an indication that one is a hypothyroid. This happens when the body fosters overproduction of the thyroid hormone. On the contrary, for hyperthyroidism, the thyroid hormone level is high and there are low levels of TSH in circulation. In identifying the causes of hyperthyroidism, the doctor would use radioactive iodine uptake test in tracking the amounts of iodine in the thyroid glands. This test involves swallowing small amounts of radioactive iodine in capsule form. After some time, an instrument is placed on individuals neck to help in measuring the quantity of radioactive iodide in the thyroid. If the results test positive, the doctor conducts a scan using a exceptional film that creates a picture of the location of radioactive iodine in the body. The doctor would treat the condition using the lithium drug dose or any other appropriate drug. Testicular cancer is defined as cancer that develops in part of the reproductive system of a male person called testicles. Testicular cancer is common mostly in males in the range of 19-40 years as the peak period, and it is rear to be seen before fifteen years age (Hayes, 2000). It is the most curable of all cancers. Research shows that not all testicle lumps are tumors, and they are not all tumors can be malignant. Some of the testicular such as the epididymal, the microlithiasis and the appesdix testis are painful but not cancerous. Most of testicular cancers are said to be tumors of the germ cell, and the few derived from Sertoli cells, or sex cords gonadals stromal tumors. Symptoms are lumps in the testicle, painful swelling in a testicle and painful, scrotum heaviness or pains. In case, it has spread to other body parts, there can be groin pain due to spreading of the cancer into the lympnodes. There is tenderness of the breast caused by cancer hormone and breathlessness whenever lymph found in the chest area is affected. Diagnoses and examining of testicular cancer is done by conducting physical examinations that reveal firm mass or lamps in the testicles. On holding a flashlight to the scrotum, it fails to pass through the lamps. Additionally, the doctor may consider conducting a pelvic and abdominal CT scan test. This includes the scrotum ultrasound, tumor markers blood test and chest X-ray. Treatment of testicular cancer depends on the tumor stage, and the testicular tumor type. Once it is discovered, it has to be determined which type of cancer cell it is. This is done by examining observing it in a microscope. The cells may be nonesemimona or semimona or even both. This step is followed by determining how far cancer cells have spread. The step that follows is the staging stage. This stage involves three stages; stage one in which cancer spreads beyond the testicles, stage two in which it has spread into the abdomen lymph nodes, and the last stage in which has spread as far as the brains, the liver and lungs. Three treatment types that are used are surgical treatment (orchiectomy), radiotherapy, and chemotherapy. The pelvic inflammatory Diseases occur due to the pelvic cavity inflammation in women because of the bacteria infecting the cervix, ovaries, the uterus or the fallopian tubes (Yener, 2011). It is a disease that is transmitted mostly by sexual intercourse as a result of Chlamydia or gonorrhoea infection. The disease damages tissues around the ovaries, the uterus as well as the fallopian tubes. If not checked, it leads to infertility, abscess formation, ectopic pregnancy or even chronic pains in the pelvic. The PID is common in child bearing women and the sexually active young women who are under ages below 25yers. The prematurity of the young women and teenage girls’ cervix is not matured fully. This makes these women to be susceptible to PID related STDs. Douching women also have increased chances of developing PID, as opposed to those that do not douche. Research shows that douching alters vaginal flora forcing the bacteria from the vagina walls to the other parts of the reproductive organs. Signs and symptoms for patients with pelvic Inflammatory Diseases are varied from mild symptoms to particularly severe. Mild symptoms occur to a woman whose PID resulted from Chlamydia infection even if there are serious damages in her organs of reproduction. Chlamydia also causes infection of the fallopian tube without showing any symptoms. PID develops without being recognized by women and the recognition of providers of health care. Other related signs and symptoms are vaginal discharges that have foul odour pains in the lower abdomen, painful intercourse, irregular in menstrual bleeding and painful urination (William, 1994). Diagnosis of salpingitis can do by use laparoscopy. However, the tool use is not available readily and cannot easily justified mild or vague symptoms. The PID diagnoses are based on the common clinical findings. The PID empiric treatment has to be initiated in women at risk and the sexual active women for SDIs in case they experience pelvic pain. In case the PID is suspected, a sample discharge is extracted from the uterus neck and tested for bacteria. For the cases where the swap test does not show the bacteria present, other tests can be considered. For instance, the ultrasound scan shows the inflammation of the fallopian tubes. The use of antibiotics for approximately two weeks would treat the PID. The commonly prescribed antibiotics are just two and it as always convenient to take the whole, full doss (Yener, Ilter & Mid, 2011). In conclusion, considering the vulnerability of humans to diseases, it is advisable for people to consider regular medical checkups. It is true, that with the right information, most diseases, including the PID, the thyroid diseases, and the testicular diseases among others can be prevented. Increased research in the medical field has lead to discoveries of many diseases, and it is through learning that we get to know about the possible diagnoses, symptoms and treatments of such diseases. It is, therefore, upon individual efforts that we shall all stay safe against the diseases. Reference Hayes, L., Brandon; N. & Craig R. ( 2009). Testicular Cancer: A Prototypic Tumor of Young Adults. Seminars in oncology 36 (5): 432–438 Yener, N. Ilter, E. Mid, A. (2011). Xanthogranuloamatous saflpingitis a rare pathologic aspect of chronic active pelvic inflammatory diseases. Indian J Pathol Microbio 441(1);54:141-3 William, M. (1994). Pelvic Inflammatory Disease. Eng J Med 330(1): 115-119 Read More