Wind Energy - Math Problem Example

School of Engineering Power System 2 (Group Design Project) Preliminary Transmission Planning Assessment Kyle and Webber Wind Executive summary The designed wind turbines connected to the existing power distribution system. This report details transmission system design costs. We note that three turbines will be required to generate 200MW costing $67,547,281 with a break-even point of $51, 529,725. The paper has analysed the cost of distribution beginning with assumptions of new wind farm costs and output. The estimated average total cost per kWh is $0.0930/kWh. CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMARY 3 INTRODUCTION 4 PROJECT SCOPE PROJECT SPECIFICATIONS Generator and Transmission System Requirements Transmission Line Conductor Specifications Transmission Tower Configuration Transmission Line Parameters Available New Rights of Way LINE ANALYSIS Base Case Loading Contingency Analysis System Losses RECOMMENDATION COST ANALYSIS References Introduction It is also too difficult to distribute wind power all the way to the market, moreover, noise associated with wind turbines disturbs people who live in their surrounding and others complain that wind turbines destroy the beauty of the land and human health. However, New Wind Farm will be make become area energy sufficient and supplement metropolis light and power electrical grid with economically feasible, environmentally friendly, reliable, and cost effective sources of energy. It is known that wind energy is so efficient; its production is inconsistent due to seasonal changes of wind strength. The maximum energy production is 200 MW which will be distribute using new transmission lines of 138kV with new transformers to the existing substations. The firm will have type 3 DFAG wind turbines which will have a single power flow with a traditional Bus generator. It will have voltage set points of 1.05 per unit and a reactive power limits of Mvar. The available right of way distances are 9.66 km to Pai, 11.91km to Pete, 19.31 km to Demar, 7.24km to GROSS. It is also 18.2 km from KKW to Hisky, 20.92km to TIM, 24.4km to RAY and to Zeb 17.7km. There will be 57 new lines which will have 95% MVA flows with 1.05 voltages. The price roses will be assumed to be $50/MWh while the transmission lines will have affixed cost of $200,000 with cardinal conductor type. PROJECT SCOPE PROJECT SPECIFICATIONS The project decisions will be based on the following specifications. Generator and Transmission System Requirements Upon connection of new wind generator plant to existing system, the entire transmission system must pass base case loading requirements and first contingency loading requirements at a maximum generator output of 200MW. Two separate feeds from existing substations must be connected into the wind generator substation. parameter value Nominal voltage(Kv) 0.575 Rated power 200MW Efficiency at nominal operation % 97% Acceleration time constant (sec) 0.5sec Number of pole pairs 2 Stator resistance Rs pu 0.0122 Magnetic reactance 6.8825 Stator reactance xs (pu) 0.2002 Rotor resistance RrA(pu) 0.013 Rotor reactance XrA (pu) 0.1256 Connection type Y Rated power factor pf 0.897 lagging Transmission Line Conductor Specifications This project explicitly requires the use of aluminium conductor steel reinforced (ASCR) overhead transmission conductors. The conductor type is also explicitly required to be that of cardinal. Cardinal conductor has the following characteristics: Current Rating (A) 1110 GMR at 60 Hz (feet) 0.0403 Resistance (Ohms per conductor per mile) at 75% Current Capacity 0.1128 Outside Diameter (inches) 1.196 Area of Alum. Wire( awg or kcmil 954 Total Alum. Area ( sq mm) 500 Total Cross- Sectional Area (sq mm) 546 Weight (Kg/Km) 1743 Transmission Tower Configuration All transmission towers installed are required to be identical and symmetrical. The conductor configuration are required to consist of 2 conductor bundles, with 0.6m bundle spacing with a flat 8m horizontal phase spacing, as shown below. d = 0.6m Transmission Line Parameters Three transmission line impedance parameters require calculation prior to PowerWorld simulation of the proposed lines. The parameters to be calculated are: Series Resistance per distance (R) Series Reactance per distance (X) Shunt Charging (Shunt Admittance) per distance (B) Series Resistance: Series Reactance: Shunt Admittance: R X B Available New Rights of Way The new available rights of way from the proposed wind farm to existing MLP substations are as follows. Right of Way / Substation Distance (km) Distance (miles) KWW to PAI 9.66 6.003 KWW to PETE 11.91 7.401 KWW to DEMAR 19.31 11.999 KWW to GROSS 7.24 4.499 KWW to HISKY 18.02 11.198 KWW to TIM 20.92 13 KWW to RAY 24.14 15.001 KWW to ZEB 17.7 10.999 LINE ANALYSIS Base Case Loading It is connected in voltage 0.38 kV downstream three voltage transformations 138/69 kV. This will be the peak loading condition and will have a mean loading of 110/22.8 kV transformers above 95 %. The ad hoc Therefore, the 110/22.8 kV transformers are represented and the motor load is connected to the 22.8 kV voltage level. System Losses The system will make losses during transmission at the rate of 10% however it will depend on the number of years that there will be loss of power. At the beginning the loss will be negligible. Power loss= RI Since Power loss= RI X1110 = 0.389A/Km Costs and Economic Analysis This is an analysis that is carried out when a vital decision is to be made from among competing alternatives. In this particular scrutiny; the total costs to be incurred on a given potential project are compared against the potential realizable revenues and benefits in general. The difference between the costs and benefits is accordingly utilized in the making of the choice on whether to carry on with the project or not. It is always advisable that all the costs be included and be duly deducted from all the potential benefits. The consideration and possibility of getting an extra person for the new project embracing is also adequately put to thought. Nonetheless, any costs gained by a company may be categorized into two classes: variable costs and fixed costs. Fixed costs are generally incurred by any enterprise at any output level, encompassing zero output. Variable costs differ with the production level, enhancing as more commodity is generated. Moreover, materials consumed in the production process usually have the biggest repercussion on this class. Fixed cost as well as variable cost, collectively, is equal to the total cost. However, revenue entails the sum of money received by a company generated by its common business activities, normally from sales of goods and services and not money gained from security sales for instance debt issuances or equity shares, as indicated in figure below. Furthermore, marginal revenue and cost, hinged on the practicability of the calculus technique is, are described as either the alteration in revenue or cost as every extra unit is generated, or the derived cost or proceeds depending on the amount of output. Nonetheless, it can also be described as the adding up to total value or revenue as production enhances by one unit. Transmission system design cost - Transmission lines have been used in the construction using 138 kV transmission lines which had include fixed cost of $200,000 and variable cost of $310,000/km. The fixed cost is for the design work, the purchase/ installation of the three-phase circuit breaker, associated relays, and changes to the substation bus structure. The variable costs depend on the type of conductor which is cardinal and the length of the line. Lined impedance data and MVA ratings are 187MVA. The cost of 8 transformers will be $1,200,000 for each. Since cardinal will be used as a conductor it will be $310,000/km. There is 20% power loss during distribution according to simulation for the production of 200MW. Pai Pete Demar Gross Hisky Tim Ray Zeb total Distance (km) 9.66 11.91 19.31 7.24 18.02 20.92 24.14 17.14 Bus Cost of Transmission Line,000 $/km 2,994.6 3,692.1 5,986.1 2,244.4 5,586.2 6,485.2 7,483.4 5313.4 39,785.4 Generator 1 and 2 “000” 4,200 Bus- 57 buses at 200 11,400 Transformer 1,200 1,200 1,200 1,200 1,200 1,200 1,200 1,200 9,600 Load 2,500 Losses 0.483 0.5955 0.9655 0.362 0.901 1.046 1.207 0.857 6.417 converters 0.173 0.173 0.173 0.173 0.173 0.173 0.173 0.173 1.384 Circuit Breaker 0.1598 0.1598 0.1598 0.1598 0.1598 0.1598 0.1598 0.1598 1.2784 Shunt Reactors 6.76 6.76 6.76 6.76 6.76 6.76 6.76 6.76 54.08 Total cost ($000) 67,547.281 Transmission line cost calculation price of conductor x distance to cover Pai = 9.66km x $310,000/km = 2,994,600 Pete=11.91 x $310,000/km = 3,692,100 The following is the summary costs of the new wind farm. 169 kV Circuit Breaker will cost 1,598,000 Shunt Reactors will cost 40/kVA thus it will have a cost of 169x40= $ 6,760. The average cost of a converter station for 200 MW with 169 kV DC is approximately$173.5x 8 The line cost for the DC transmission system is $320 -$370/kV-kilometre for ±169 to ± 400kV). Summary of design costs The costing associated with the implementation of transmission lines, transformers, bus upgrade work and other associated infrastructure is based the following: Transmission Lines Line Voltage Fixed Cost For Line Build ($) Conductor Cost per km ($/km) 69 kV 125,000 310,000 138 kV 200,000 310,000 Transformers A single 138 kV / 69 kV: 187 MVA rating $1,200,00 Bus Work To upgrade a 69 kV substation to a 138 kV / 69 kV: $200,000 Fixed Cost This upgrade cost does not include the transformer. Conclusion and recommendation Power generation is a business like any other therefore consists of difficult decisions regarding benefit vs. costs. Factors such as New wind Farm win liabilities, operating costs, maintenance costs and safety all need to be considered before making the decision of shutting down a plant or continuing to invest in. Typically, Wind Turbine plant has an average lifespan of 25 years while operating its business “under the watchful eye of owner. Since safety is critical throughout the duration of a Wind Turbine, all decisions need to be made with a long-term perspective and need to involve not only plants owner but also various related agencies. Wind energy consists of low production costs while sustaining a long lifespan and high capital costs. The main advantage of power plants is their ability to remain profitable regardless of fuel cost fluctuations. The costs of maintaining a powerplant can be broken down into three main categories which include: 1) Investment costs: include factors such as construction, design, any major reconstruction as well as the shutdown of a plant. Typically, investment costs are financed over a 20 year period and include shutdown. 2) Operations and maintenance costs: include staff salary, the management of transformers and safety issues as well as inspection costs. 3) Fuel costs refer to the fuel cycle which are buying, converting, processing, etc. Despite high initial investment costs, the reason why wind power plant investment continues to flourish is due to cheap production cost. Alternative, natural gas-run plants and coal-fired plants require a low initial investment but also involve high fuel costs. Wind driven power plants are similar to alternative energy sources in the sense that both require higher initial investments but are cheaper in the long run. Due to cheap costs and the recent advances in the safety of powerplant equipment and maintenance, many plants owners are opting to extend the lifespan of their pants and upgrade existing facilities rather than rebuilding. The decision to build a new power plant depends on the availability of enough wind as in the Metropolis, however any decision regarding the establishment or upgrade of a power plant must take into consideration: date which is objective, interests of investors, an assessment of risks vs. opportunities and the long-term effects of the. The number one deterrent in establishing new power plants goes back to high initial investment costs. In order to make building new plants more attractive, many improvements have been made in the field to reduce investment costs. The construction costs of new plants have been reduced by the initiation of standardized designs and multiple plants on a single location. While advanced countries have found effective ways to reduce power plant start-up costs, other less developed countries are still lagging behind and will continue to do so as long as the market remains deregulated.The future of energy needs to turn away from finding ways to make the production of wind energy and fossil fuel energy cheaper and towards establishing ways to mainstream alternative energy production. The cost of new wind farm has been calculated taking into account the costs of new transmissions lines, Bus works and transformers. The layout of the new wind farm, the arrangement of turbines and the cable lengths, rating and type were chosen. Suitable types of generator and transformers were also selected. References Atkinson I., Harvey C., Smith M., Damgaard P., Haeusler M., Kuhn M., Lips P.,Wohlmuth M., Balog G. and Stenseth K. (2002) The Moyle interconnector. Power Engineering Journal, Vol. 16 No. 3 (pp. 117). IEE.Energy Gov. Energy Report: U.S. Wind Energy Production and Manufacturing Surges, Supporting Jobs and Diversifying U.S Energy Economy. 14 Aug. 2012. Web. 11 Dec. 2012. Glover, J.D., Sarma, M.S, & Overbye, T.J., 2007. Power System Analysis and Design. Osprey : Nelson Engineering Glover, J.D., Sarma, M.S, & Overbye, T.J., 2013. PowerWorld Corporation. Retrieved April, 2013, from Lindenberg, S. (2009).20% Wind Energy By 2030: Increasing Wind Energy’s Contribution to U.S. Electricity Supply. Oak Ridge, TN: Diane Publishing. Maclean, R. (2004). Electrical System Design for the Proposed One Gigawatt Beatrice Offshore Wind Farm, Faculty of Engineering University of Strathclyde Pavlak, A. (2010), “Wind energy contribution to a low-carbon grid”, The Electricity Journal, 23(4): 53-58. Simshauser , P. (2010). The hidden costs of wind generation in a thermal power system: what cost? AGL Applied Economic and Policy Research. Stoft, S. (2002).Power System Economics: Designing Markets for Electricity, Piscataway, IEEE Press, New Jersey. Wizelius, T. (2007). "Developing Wind Power Projects: Theory and Practice" Xie, T., Pejnovic, N., Lees, A. & Ewing, E. (2008).Wind Energy: A Thorough Examination of Economic Viability. Energy and Energy Policy University of Chicago Read More

8 kV transformers are represented and the motor load is connected to the 22.8 kV voltage level. System Losses The system will make losses during transmission at the rate of 10% however it will depend on the number of years that there will be loss of power. At the beginning the loss will be negligible. Power loss= RI Since Power loss= RI X1110 = 0.389A/Km Costs and Economic Analysis This is an analysis that is carried out when a vital decision is to be made from among competing alternatives.

In this particular scrutiny; the total costs to be incurred on a given potential project are compared against the potential realizable revenues and benefits in general. The difference between the costs and benefits is accordingly utilized in the making of the choice on whether to carry on with the project or not. It is always advisable that all the costs be included and be duly deducted from all the potential benefits. The consideration and possibility of getting an extra person for the new project embracing is also adequately put to thought.

Nonetheless, any costs gained by a company may be categorized into two classes: variable costs and fixed costs. Fixed costs are generally incurred by any enterprise at any output level, encompassing zero output. Variable costs differ with the production level, enhancing as more commodity is generated. Moreover, materials consumed in the production process usually have the biggest repercussion on this class. Fixed cost as well as variable cost, collectively, is equal to the total cost. However, revenue entails the sum of money received by a company generated by its common business activities, normally from sales of goods and services and not money gained from security sales for instance debt issuances or equity shares, as indicated in figure below.

Furthermore, marginal revenue and cost, hinged on the practicability of the calculus technique is, are described as either the alteration in revenue or cost as every extra unit is generated, or the derived cost or proceeds depending on the amount of output. Nonetheless, it can also be described as the adding up to total value or revenue as production enhances by one unit. Transmission system design cost - Transmission lines have been used in the construction using 138 kV transmission lines which had include fixed cost of $200,000 and variable cost of $310,000/km.

The fixed cost is for the design work, the purchase/ installation of the three-phase circuit breaker, associated relays, and changes to the substation bus structure. The variable costs depend on the type of conductor which is cardinal and the length of the line. Lined impedance data and MVA ratings are 187MVA. The cost of 8 transformers will be $1,200,000 for each. Since cardinal will be used as a conductor it will be $310,000/km. There is 20% power loss during distribution according to simulation for the production of 200MW.

Pai Pete Demar Gross Hisky Tim Ray Zeb total Distance (km) 9.66 11.91 19.31 7.24 18.02 20.92 24.14 17.14 Bus Cost of Transmission Line,000 $/km 2,994.6 3,692.1 5,986.1 2,244.4 5,586.2 6,485.2 7,483.4 5313.4 39,785.4 Generator 1 and 2 “000” 4,200 Bus- 57 buses at 200 11,400 Transformer 1,200 1,200 1,200 1,200 1,200 1,200 1,200 1,200 9,600 Load 2,500 Losses 0.483 0.5955 0.9655 0.362 0.901 1.046 1.207 0.857 6.417 converters 0.173 0.173 0.173 0.173 0.173 0.173 0.173 0.173 1.384 Circuit Breaker 0.1598 0.1598 0.1598 0.1598 0.1598 0.1598 0.1598 0.1598 1.

2784 Shunt Reactors 6.76 6.76 6.76 6.76 6.76 6.76 6.76 6.76 54.08 Total cost ($000) 67,547.281 Transmission line cost calculation price of conductor x distance to cover Pai = 9.66km x $310,000/km = 2,994,600 Pete=11.91 x $310,000/km = 3,692,100 The following is the summary costs of the new wind farm. 169 kV Circuit Breaker will cost 1,598,000 Shunt Reactors will cost 40/kVA thus it will have a cost of 169x40= $ 6,760. The average cost of a converter station for 200 MW with 169 kV DC is approximately$173.

5x 8 The line cost for the DC transmission system is $320 -$370/kV-kilometre for ±169 to ± 400kV).

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