Historical Civil Wars Resolution and Survival Mechanisms - Research Paper Example

Article Review on Historical Civil Wars Resolution and Survival Mechanisms al Affiliation) Article1 War, peace and Northwest Coast complex hunter-gatherers Purpose- the purpose of this article is to interrogate the assumptions behind the hostile competitive appearance of Northwest Coast (NWC) hunter civilizations, given that their most reflective progenies stress paying back and sharing as endless peacemaking actions through antiquity. In addition, it pursues information that helps establish whether this modern view might precede the current sensibilities painted by life as post-foragers condensed in nation states. Design/methodology/approach –ethno-historical, Historical and ethnographic documented sources are researched, in addition to local archeological discoveries. These are deliberated against the writers own ethnographic work amongst several hunters on the verge of, but united by sophisticated profile coastal populates. Some historical context for local peace and war is provided. Findings – the archeological discoveries indicate that proof for warlike activity is repeated three times in a duration of 10,000 years, the most widespread being attached with Europes political and economic inspiration on the continent over the last half-millennium. Even in this final period, extended domestic foragers sought and managed to govern competition/aggression by social cooperation and espoused sharing between alike units by maintaining reputable peacemaking protocols and processes. Research limitations/implications-because of the massiveness of the region and literatures, this topic requires an in-depth, long-term analysis. Findings provided in the article are from a number of locations; they are, therefore, tentative and need the addition of more detail from other parts of the region to provide enough data for comparison; however, the findings do propose an existing principle of peacemaking and sharing mirrored back in time through archeology and oral history. Discussion and conclusions Practical implications – the literature of the northwest coast article is based on war-making, its slavery and agnostic giving is based on activities reported from a very short duration of perceptible history. If these circumstances had been prevalent over time, it would have resulted in inadequate peace to permit these foragers to gather, barter, hunt, fish, and prepare goods and foodstuffs with which to endure between annual growing and harvesting seasons. Social implications-Instead of discovering means of liaising with each other to pursue better living environments, some NWC post-hunters nowadays assume aggression and competition to as prevalent features of their associations with each other. Such societies, possibly from a sense of submissiveness stimulated by history, cite the combative literature and the exaltations of the fur trade period as more characteristic of their inheritance than the peaceful teaching and wisdom of their own leaders about the human relations, historical, the future, and the contemporary world. Originality/value – The judgments from the NWC recommend analogies in their emphasis on sharing as a mechanism for making and maintaining peace in the broader comparative background of hunter-gatherer researches. Sharing remains vital whether one scrutinizes the multifaceted hunter-gathers or their more democratic colleagues. Article 2 Foreign aid, war/military, and state building of cold war Taiwan: in search of a theoretical and comparative framework Purpose – the article addresses the Sri Lankan war that lasted for a period of 30 years. The Sri Lankan army won the war in May 2009. During this time, in particular December 2004, Sri Lanka was seriously affected by the Asian tsunami originating from the Indian Ocean. This tsunami affected three-quarters of the nations’ coastline and resulted in severe damages like deaths, loss of property, and sociopolitical implications. In addition, in January 2011, the east of the country suffered from grave flooding. All these catastrophic events negatively affected the nation in a complex manner. The author of this article seeks to review some of the work undertaken by the United Kingdom Sri Lanka Trauma Group (UKSLTG) over a period of 14 years. Design/methodology/approach-in the paper, the author views human wellbeing as complex and perceives psychological heath as being under the influence of community, social environment, familial, spiritual and political environments, spiritual, economic, and other factors like ecological setting. The author proposes that, how an individual construes these factors is likely to be fundamental, particularly, in the context of survival during civil wars. He discusses the issue of subsequent military victory by one side and a recent return to peace from a multidimensional viewpoint. The resultant legacy can be multi-layered, which can affect individuals, multiple communities, families, groups, and the social and the political stability of the nation that people are part of in several ways. In addition, in the paper, the authors discusses the lessons learned by the UK: Sri Lanka (UKSLTG) through its work in a range of contexts and different group interactions. Findings – the applicability of the knowledge and ideas learned from the works of UKSLTG and their possible transferability to other situation is briefly discussed. The authors are not committed to giving a definitive account of possible work but rather a description of what has been learned from working in a war and post-war situation. Originality/value – The paper highlights the significance of functioning in a Real Corporation, of community commitment, and of the necessity to be flexible and ready to rebate original strategies and to be open to doing things otherwise as circumstances dictate for survival in war situations. Article 3 ARTICLE Assessment of the perioperative period in civilians injured in the Syrian Civil War Purpose- the purpose of this paper is to determine the effect on mortality of injury locations and types. In addition, it analyzes the perioperative period in patients injured in the Syrian war. Wars and its encounters have historically distressed humanity. In Syria, severe damages occurred due to weapons and explosives used in the combat between civilian and government forces for a period of over 2 years. The authors note that in the past, deaths and wars were attributed to secondary effects of war but in today’s context, increased morbidity and mortality are directly linked to the war itself. Civilians are viewed as direct targets of war. Today, modern weapons are sophisticated in that they are mass killers and cause severe injuries. Currently, the type of armed conflict determines the type of injury sustained and the main site of injury affects survival. Civil wars affects even neighboring nations in areas like the economy, lack of shelter, and food. Design/methodology/approach- the study included 364 cases, who were admitted to Mustafa Kemal University Hospital, Medicine School (Hatay, Turkey), and underwent surgery. Data was retrospectively obtained electronically by viewing the victims’ records for the previous six months. In all victims, the data obtained focused on gender, age, injury type (firearm, blast, burn, penetrating among others) and sites (head-neck, thorax, extremity, abdomen, and vascular).Survivors and non-survivors were compared in light of injury site, injury type and the number of transfusions given. The mortality rate found in this study was also compared to those reported in other civil wars. SPSS version 15.0 for windows was employed for data analysis. The Kolmogrov-Smimov test was used in assessing group distribution. Proportional comparison was used to compare mortality rates. The Kruskal-Wallis test was used for purposes of comparing independent groups with no normal distribution. Findings- The mean arithmetic age was 29 (3–68) years. The main sites of damage included the head (20.1%), vascular structures (4.4%), extremities (56.0%), abdomen (16.2%), and thorax (3.3%). Injury types included blast injury (34.4%), firearm injury (64.4%) and miscellaneous injuries (1.2%). Survival rates were 89.6% while mortality rates were 10.4%. A significant variance was perceived between mortality rates in this research and those described for the Lebanon and Bosnian civil wars; and the difference became tremendously conspicuous when linked to mortality rates reported for Afghanistan and Vietnamese civil wars. Discussions and conclusions- among damages connected to war, the highest rate of mortality was seen in head–neck, avascular and abdominal injuries. The authors believe that the higher mortality rate in the Syrian war as compared to Lebanon, Vietnam, Bosnia and Afghanistan wars, was attributed to the targeting of warlords. The author bases his argument by limiting the scope of the paper to site and injury type. Despite a detailed discussion on mortality rates originating from these factors, the author fails to take into account the variance that might arise in the injuries with respect to war intensity, the ammunition of the parties and minor weapons like swords. The author compares his findings with countries like Vietnam, Bosnia and Lisbon. Although injury types in several global wars are similar, the author’s comparison is outrageous because they do not take into account the difference in the environmental setting of these nations, considering that they are geographically apart. Originality/ validity The paper highlights the challenges and the risks associated to war. The author relates differences the traditional wars and the current war by pointing out current wars target civilians; a factor that has led to increased mortality in the current wars. He brings out the necessity to understand the complex nature of today’s wars by conducting multidimensional analyses of injuries’ association to firearms and the fatal nature of injuries with respect to injury site. In addition, he highlights the need of being prepared for wars. Article 4 Crime and violence in Brazil: Systematic review of time trends, prevalence rates and risk factors Purpose; The purpose of this paper is to give epidemiological proof on crime in a middle-income country with an extremely high homicide rate. Between 1980 and 2010, millions of homicides were recorded in Brazil. Dramatic upsurges in slaughter rates followed rises in disparity; more young people in the populace, greater obtainability of weapons, and augmented drug use. However, disarmament legislature may have helped reduce murder rates in current years. Regardless of the upsurge in the rate of lethal fierceness, Brazil seems to have similar levels of general criminal oppression as numerous other North American and Latin American nations. Brazil has lesser rates of drug abuse compared to other nations like the United States, but the pervasiveness of the youth’s drug use in Brazil has increased substantially in recent years. Since 1990, the growth of the Brazilian prison populace has been huge, making Brazil the fourth-largest jail population globally. Design/methodology/approach- Homicide rates (for every 100,000 individuals) for affiliate states of the World Health Organization (WHO) in 2009 were obtained from the Global Burden Disease Apprise of 2004. Homicide rates for affiliate states are founded on important registration data hidden using the codes X85 to Y09 and Y87 in the Global Grouping of Diseases 10th Edition. Disability is discussed to gage the levels or total burden of lives lost in Brazil and WHO associate members. The study includes a population of 100,000 participants taken from the Brazilian department of public health information. Data on homicides is borrowed from the Brazilian system of Death Registration (SIM) and this was regarded as the most trusted data base on homicide in Brazil. Data from the police department of Brazil is combined and analyzed to synthesize and produce national statistics of the homicide situation. Findings- There has been a massive rise in homicides in Brazil over the last 30 years. Brazil has experienced the greatest loss of lives to ferocity among all the WHO member states. Sufferers of murder in Brazil are likely to be male, young, and black. Time inclinations in non-lethal unlawful oppressions are multifaceted: hospital admissions data propose a decrease in grave non-lethal physical attacks over the last 20 years, but reported physical violence augmented between 1988 and 2009, as did theft and robbery. Brazil seems to have comparable levels of general criminal oppression as numerous other North American and Latin American nations, but higher rates than Spain. The number of adults and incarcerated juveniles in Brazil has increased considerably over the last two decades. Brazilian data on felonies does not thoroughly analyze the drift of wrongdoers. Self-reported criminal researches are in their early stages in Brazil, but show quite high levels of felonies amongst school students. Nationwide surveys propose lower rates of drug abuse in Brazil compared to other nations such as the US, but there is proof to denote continued upsurges in drug abuse among young Brazilians in recent years. Family and Individual level risk influences for crime recognized in Brazil are comparable to those in advanced countries. Research limitation-The accessible data in Brazil and the primary studies conducted on this matter limited the review. Although important data on murder is available, perhaps a sensible reliable source of information, there is uncertainty that Brazilian forces’ data is not very dependable or comprehensive. Additionally, the fact that Brazil has not contributed to key international agenda of research on oppression or self-report, crime means that decisive evidence on how violence and non-lethal crime compares between other countries and Brazil is missing. Conclusion and discussion- through a comprehensive review of literature, the paper identifies 10 studies assessing the upholding of self-reporting crime in Brazil and 9 studies examining risk factors. Self-reporting crime is high among school students in Brazil. However, in addition to these studies, there is need to augment regular national victimization surveys in Brazil to offer reliable estimates that enable comparison with other countries. Secondly, there is need for more systematic data collection on crime and violence in Brazil, in particular, police record-keeping on offences and offenders to be conducted nationwide. Originality/ validity Using Brazil as a case study, the paper points out weaknesses in record-keeping within developing nations under the World Health Organization. The inconsistencies identified by this paper hinders research activities hence validation of the research outcome is compromised. The paper, in addition, suggests possible areas of concern that should be researched to help curb this problem. Article five; Do English Local Authorities Still have the Means of their Performance? A French View on a Local Public Action in Crisis Purpose-Great Britain is believed to be a manufacturer of new techniques in public management issues. It is, therefore, a place to visit, for organizations interested in getting individuals who can manage massive public places. The French institute of local studies is specialized in training potential future professionals, selected after some years of experience in the work place, in order to assume positions of responsibility in local authorities. The institute sent three pairs of individual for two weeks in three different local authorities in Britain, with the sole aim of analyzing the performance management in these establishments. Design/methodology/approach- French and British academics provided the six trainees with a global view of reforms procedures in the local governments of the United Kingdom; after that, each pair exchanged material that they came across during their study period with the local governmental authorities. For the two weeks during which the trainees were in a given local authority, an officer would supervise their works. The trainees interviewed several professionals, unionist, elected members of unions, and attended meetings and events while at the local authorities in Britain. After traveling back to France, they presented their findings in different documents. The original topic was measuring the management of performance against domestic wars amongst workers in public institutions. The three pairs, however went forward and looked at other aspects of organizational functioning. Findings- currently, local governments are facing grave budgetary reductions from the central government and seem fragile; they employ the idea of resilience to communicate the necessity of using all resources at their disposal to deal with complex situations. Elected members play a political role, but they also have great control over several aspects like domestic conflicts, public demonstrations and budgetary allocations. The aspect of control is much more developed in Britain than in France; managers are faced with increasing threats on their jobs, projects and teams. They are subjected to harsh environments. In this context, professional networks are very vital; peer review demonstrates professional exchanges in the quest for new solutions to deal with complex situations. Finally, unions do not seek conflicts but try to comply with changes put in place, lessening their grave consequences on people. Originality/value This work is not a scholarly one but a methodology of the realism of using organizations to analyze and solve war through experts or future authorities scribed to the public sector, in a kind of ‘peer review’ between dissimilar countries. This global dimension is stimulating, seeing that few comprehensive comparisons of war resolution between local establishments are made, particularly between Britain and France. References Auber, E., & Chaboud, E. (2). Do English Local Authorities Still have the Means of their Performance? A French View on a Local Public Action in Crisis. Journal of Perspectives on Iinternational Public management in War Mangement, 3(3), 23-25. Daily, R. (2014). War, Peace, and Nortcoast Complex humter-gatherers. Journal of Agression, Conflict and Peace Research, 6(4), 12-18. Fan, Y. (2014). Foreign aid, war/military, and state building of cold war Taiwan: in search of a theoretical and comparative framework. Contributions to Conflict Management, Peace Economics and Development, 12(2), 20-27. Guo, K. L. (2008). Crime and violence in Brazil: Systematic review of time trends, prevalence rates and risk factors. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 21(3), 236-248. Hakimoglu, S., Karcioglu, M., Tuzcu, K., & Koyuncu, O. (2014). Assesment of the perioperative period in Civilians Injured in the Syrian War. Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia, 3(3), 1-5. Read More