StudentShare
Contact Us
Sign In / Sign Up for FREE
Search
Go to advanced search...
Free

The Extrinsic Motivation - Case Study Example

Summary
This paper 'The Extrinsic Motivation' tells that The research question is on whether extrinsic motivation makes athletes follow patterns different from those applied during training due to competition. The study used cyclists to evaluate the effects of such extrinsic motivation on the trial performance…
Download full paper File format: .doc, available for editing
GRAB THE BEST PAPER93.5% of users find it useful

Extract of sample "The Extrinsic Motivation"

Research Question The research question is on whether extrinsic motivation makes athletes to follow patterns different from those applied during training due to competition. To answer this research question, the study used cyclists to evaluate the effects of such extrinsic motivation on the trial performance (Hulleman, M et al. 2006). The research question is valid and cyclists are athletes and thus the sample is un-biased representative of athletes. In this case, the extrinsic motivational factors were monetary and also time comparisons with the previous best timings. However, in this case, as an ethical factor, the participants were not made aware of the financial benefit for reasons better know to the researcher/s. However, research ethics demands that any forms of benefit to the participants should be made known to them before participating in this study. However, an allowance is allowed in cases where the research is constrained by the budget or where the sponsors have not fully committed themselves early enough. Hypotheses The formulated hypothesis which the study aimed to prove is provided below; H0: Extrinsic motivation changes the time trial performance H1: Extrinsic motivation does not change the time trial performance The null hypothesis, H0 wanted to confirm that extrinsic motivation changes the time trial performance of a cyclist while the alternative, H1, was the contrary; extrinsic motivation does not change the time trial performance (Hulleman, M et al. 2006). This assertion is not in line with hypothesis formulation in which the null hypothesis always assumes non-effect of the phenomenon under study against the assumption that the phenomenon has effects (is effective). Again, the gender factor should be well captured since some of this motivation may be due to other factors like gender of the cyclist. It is always important to have a sample with males and females so that the impacts of gender on trial time performance can be determined certainly. In this case, the null hypothesis is rejected while the alternative is accepted and the conclusion that extrinsic motivation does not change time trials arrived at. In general, the hypothesis for this research study should have been as follows; H0: Extrinsic motivation does not change the time trial performance H1: Extrinsic motivation changes the time trial performance In such a case, the null hypothesis would have been accepted and the alternative rejected. Sampling In this research study, a sample of seven well trained cyclists was selected. The only problem with this kind of sample is whether it represents the entire population without bias. In any research study, any element so long as it meets the criteria set by the researcher should be given an equal chance of being selected. Further, due to heterogeneity of the population, a simple random sampling should be avoided as much as possible and stratified random sampling applied. Although simple random sampling gives all the elements in the population equal chances of being selected, it leads to biased samples since population traits are not considered. Simple random sampling is only applicable in cases where the population is homogenous and which is not the case here. In controlled experiments, factors not considered in the study may be the actual causes of the effects. In stratified random sampling, the population is subdivided into non-overlapping sub-groups and then a simple random sample selected from the sub-groups. In this case, the sample gotten represents the population well (un-biasely). Another very important aspect left during sampling is the indication of the gender representation of the data in the research study which should not be the case. Gender may have effects on the end results since the behaviour of male cyclists after a race will not be the sane as those of female cyclists. In an un-biased sample, the proportion of females and males should be highlighted. One important aspect that happened during the sample selection is the provision of free consent form which had been approved by review board of the institution. Variables Among the variables of interest in this study included; Age; Height; Mass; Total power output; Ventilatory threshold; Respiratory compensation threshold; Interpolated power output; and Heart Rate. Age, height and mass are independent variables and also constants while the others are dependent variables which depend on each other and the distance cycled. The most important variables in this research study are; Age; Total power output; Ventilatory threshold; Respiratory compensation threshold; Interpolated power output; and Heart Rate. This is so because, the above variables will enable the realization of research question. Reliability and Validity Reliability and validity of variables is tested through the use of the Cronbalch Alpha coefficient. If the Cronbalch Alpha coefficient is bigger than .5, then the variable if valid and reliable. Another technique of testing the reliability and validity of the variables is to predict the values of the response using arbitrary values of the explaining factors; independent variables. The analysis presented in this research study, regression analysis, is better predictor of reliability and validity. The formulated regression equations can forecast the values of the total power output and from the findings the researcher can certainly say whether a certain variable is significantly reliable and valid or not. Validity and reliability can further be determined using Exploratory Data Analysis (EDA) using a box plot or a stem and leaf plot for each of the variables. If many outliers, then the variable is not reliable and valid as it goes against the assumption of normality. In this research study, the reliability and validity of the variables has not been tested. It is assumed that the variables are valid and reliable which should not be the case. Research Design A research design depends entirely on the targeted population in any research study. Surveys and experiments are the mostly used research design techniques. In survey, the data is mostly gotten through observations while in experiments the response variable readings are recorded through the control of certain factors. Experimental design is also referred to as controlled design since the sample is divided into normal and controlled sub-groups in terms of the sample itself or the treatments (factors). The research design used in this research study is called controlled design (experimental). In controlled design, the research uses the same participants to perform a certain task with a certain factor (treatment) present and then use the same participants to perform the same task without the factor. In this case, the cyclists are to cycle without any form of motivation. Once the various readings are taken, the cyclists are then given a motivation, in form of money, and the same readings taken. The two readings are then compared and a result analyzed and presented. The research design helps the researcher to answer the question. Controlled design is strong as compared to other research designs because; The same participants are used thus reducing biasness; Before and after readings better depict the difference in the phenomenon under study; The analyzed results presents a better understanding of the factors; The researcher has no troubles trying to analyze such data; However, the controlled design has weaknesses in that; At times the participants gets used to behaving in a certain manner and end up giving un-tangible data; Internal effects may harbour the participant from giving his/her best for the research study. For correct results to be realised in this research study, there is need for total power output readings for males and females to be compared so that the difference can be explained to be much in females than in males or vice versa. This can from a basis for further research. In this research study, internal validity threats were controlled through the use of well trained sample who were allowed to make an informed consent about their participation in the research study. Further, the participants were habituated to cycling time in other studies making them better for the research study. Also, the participants underwent some light training. Data Analysis and Results Regression analysis, exploratory data analysis and descriptive statistics were used. Regression analysis led to a regression linear line used to predict the total power output of a cyclist given the other variables. Exploratory data analysis uses graphs to present data to even non-statisticians as they form a bird’s eye view of the phenomenon under study. Line graphs are the EDA technique used in this research study. Descriptive statistics shows the summary of the data in terms of the mean, variance, standard deviation with errors of estimation. Descriptive statistics shows the spread of the data before and after the control factor (treatment). P-values were also represented to show significance of the various parameters under study. P-values are used to gauge the significance of statistical parameters and the null hypothesis is rejected like in this case if p-value.05. In conclusion, the research study on intrinsic motivational effects followed most of the statistical requirements which are needed for a paper to attain the required scientific rigor. With the recommendations on sample selection, the research study can warrant further research in the area. References Hulleman, M et al. (2006). The Effects of Extrinsic Motivation on Cycle Time Trial performance. Official Journal of the American College of Sports Medicine, pp. 709-715 Read More

Variables Among the variables of interest in this study included; Age; Height; Mass; Total power output; Ventilatory threshold; Respiratory compensation threshold; Interpolated power output; and Heart Rate. Age, height and mass are independent variables and also constants while the others are dependent variables which depend on each other and the distance cycled. The most important variables in this research study are; Age; Total power output; Ventilatory threshold; Respiratory compensation threshold; Interpolated power output; and Heart Rate.

This is so because, the above variables will enable the realization of research question. Reliability and Validity Reliability and validity of variables is tested through the use of the Cronbalch Alpha coefficient. If the Cronbalch Alpha coefficient is bigger than .5, then the variable if valid and reliable. Another technique of testing the reliability and validity of the variables is to predict the values of the response using arbitrary values of the explaining factors; independent variables.

The analysis presented in this research study, regression analysis, is better predictor of reliability and validity. The formulated regression equations can forecast the values of the total power output and from the findings the researcher can certainly say whether a certain variable is significantly reliable and valid or not. Validity and reliability can further be determined using Exploratory Data Analysis (EDA) using a box plot or a stem and leaf plot for each of the variables. If many outliers, then the variable is not reliable and valid as it goes against the assumption of normality.

In this research study, the reliability and validity of the variables has not been tested. It is assumed that the variables are valid and reliable which should not be the case. Research Design A research design depends entirely on the targeted population in any research study. Surveys and experiments are the mostly used research design techniques. In survey, the data is mostly gotten through observations while in experiments the response variable readings are recorded through the control of certain factors.

Experimental design is also referred to as controlled design since the sample is divided into normal and controlled sub-groups in terms of the sample itself or the treatments (factors). The research design used in this research study is called controlled design (experimental). In controlled design, the research uses the same participants to perform a certain task with a certain factor (treatment) present and then use the same participants to perform the same task without the factor. In this case, the cyclists are to cycle without any form of motivation.

Once the various readings are taken, the cyclists are then given a motivation, in form of money, and the same readings taken. The two readings are then compared and a result analyzed and presented. The research design helps the researcher to answer the question. Controlled design is strong as compared to other research designs because; The same participants are used thus reducing biasness; Before and after readings better depict the difference in the phenomenon under study; The analyzed results presents a better understanding of the factors; The researcher has no troubles trying to analyze such data; However, the controlled design has weaknesses in that; At times the participants gets used to behaving in a certain manner and end up giving un-tangible data; Internal effects may harbour the participant from giving his/her best for the research study.

For correct results to be realised in this research study, there is need for total power output readings for males and females to be compared so that the difference can be explained to be much in females than in males or vice versa. This can from a basis for further research. In this research study, internal validity threats were controlled through the use of well trained sample who were allowed to make an informed consent about their participation in the research study.

Read More

CHECK THESE SAMPLES OF The Extrinsic Motivation

Motivation. What is Motivation Students' Motivation

This type of reward is known as The Extrinsic Motivation and it involves influencing a person's behavior either by rewarding or by punishing them (Tilestone, 2010).... motivation is that drive that is responsible for initiating, guiding and maintaining a goal oriented behavior in an individual.... motivation is that drive that is responsible for initiating, guiding and maintaining a goal oriented behavior in an individual.... motivation is what compels an individual to wake up every morning and go to work or do what they do daily....
2 Pages (500 words) Essay

Motivation in Soccer

The Extrinsic Motivation is an external motivational approach (Weinberg & Gould, 2007).... In psychological motivation of soccer, there is the extrinsic and the intrinsic motivational approaches which should be adopted wholly by the teachers and the sports instructors for the students to take part in the soccer sports.... Psychology motivation in Soccer Name: Institution: Soccer as an activity involving various behavioural changes must be motivated psychologically in order to change the existing attitudes of the students and athletes towards it....
3 Pages (750 words) Research Paper

Analyzing Behavior: Intrinsic Versus Extrinsic Motivation

The paper "Analyzing Behavior: Intrinsic Versus extrinsic motivation" focuses on the evaluation of the fact that human beings are greatly encouraged to perform at higher categories by the non-incentivized rewards gains insinuating higher performance in any activity.... extrinsic motivation has also diverse prompts permitting its evidence in individuals.... Between the extrinsic and the intrinsic motivation factors, there is a sense of relevance concerning situations....
18 Pages (4500 words) Research Paper

Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivation

f we take a look at the work of early researchers it can be seen that The Extrinsic Motivation literature evolved first.... From the paper 'Intrinsic and extrinsic motivation' it is clear that motivation is the key to any activity.... The main purpose of this paper is to compare and contrast extrinsic motivation and intrinsic motivation.... n the other hand, extrinsic motivation can be explained as if a person is motivated to take action after gaining knowledge of the rewards....
5 Pages (1250 words) Essay

The Motivational Methods and Competitive Sports

The paper will detail the views of several authors in the past and researches that have been conducted for motivation in competitive sports.... This has been a major focused issue as in a competitive game, the only thing that separates the competitors is the motivation that they have.... There have been a number of motivational techniques used by coaches to ensure that the individual performance is optimum and there have also been a number of researches that have been conducted in the field of sports psychology which has been mainly to discover the motivation techniques and secrets for better performance of the athletes....
7 Pages (1750 words) Case Study

Equity Theory in Cross-Cultural Contexts

All individuals will be rewarded in accordance with these policies and plans, which will cater to The Extrinsic Motivation.... Other than actual motivational needs of every individual, managers can strive to know the extrinsic and intrinsic motivational factors of their people.... Motivational needs vary in different cultures, which makes the managers' job even more difficult to motivate their people according to what the employees perceive as a source of their motivation....
2 Pages (500 words) Essay

Study of motivation

On the basis of a substantial body of experimental evidence The Extrinsic Motivation (contingent rewards) can be opposed to intrinsic motivation (when the individual wants to perform the task for himself.... motivation is not based on items people have, he claims that people are motivated by the things they do not have, but really want.... Thus, money is only means for reaching ones motivation Maslow was one of the first who developed his ideas about motivation....
2 Pages (500 words) Essay

Entrinsic/Intrinsic

Carr (2004) argues that The Extrinsic Motivation emanates from the outside source as opposed to intrinsic that originates inside individuals.... Carr (2004) argues that The Extrinsic Motivation emanates from the outside source as opposed to intrinsic that originates inside individuals.... My experience with The Extrinsic Motivation was when I worked with a designing company.... In contrast, extrinsic motivation stems from external rewards such as fame, money, and praise....
2 Pages (500 words) Article
sponsored ads
We use cookies to create the best experience for you. Keep on browsing if you are OK with that, or find out how to manage cookies.
Contact Us