Sources on Criminal Justice and Security Management Investigation - Annotated Bibliography Example

Sources on Criminal Justice and Security Management Research Sources on Criminal Justice and Security Management Research Criminal justice and security management are major concerns in any society today. There is a marked increase of crime and potential threats. This compels nations to indulge in research in order to establish new strategies that are of potential use in increasing criminal justice. Criminal justice is the primary focus of any judicial system. The emergence of security industry has contributed positively to crime reduction in society. Policy-making and implementation is very crucial in addressing justice and preventing crime. McCrie, D. (2004). The history of expertise in security management practice and litigation. Security Journal 2004; 17(3): 11-19. This article highlights the development that has been taking place in provision of security services over the years. According to the author, the security industry evolved in the 19th century, necessitated by varying circumstances. Although the industry started small, it has grown to a bureaucratic industry recently. The author clearly analyzes the first of the security services and illustrates their potential to curb or reduce crime in society. The author acknowledges the fact that security is fundamental for any society. This involves corporations, for-profit organizations, and non-profit organizations. In addition, the government also benefits from the existence of the security industry as the industry offers executive protection. This article mentions several events that led to the development of the security system. These include the industrial revolution and the resulting social and economic implications as well as the emergence of the corporate structure. Specifically, the article highlights the basic security services provided by contractors and proprietors. One of the services is guarding and investigations. The author mentions Allan Pinkerton as the first one to venture into provision of this service in 1855. Business ventures into this field grew to a high level and by the 20th century, there were multiple detective agencies. The security industry also provides alarm monitoring, cash-in transit services, electronic security systems, and proprietary security. The security industry has developed expertise, a body of knowledge, distinctive practices and their services receive recognition in court. The article serves as a good reference in establishing the contribution of the security industry in crime reduction. Criminal Justice Information Security Officer. (2011). Criminal justice information services (CJIS) security policy. Retrieved on 24th Mar. 2012 from http://publicintelligence.info/CJISsecuritypolicy.pdf This is a draft security policy of the criminal justice information system. The draft begins by defining the objective and scope of the policy. Then the draft highlights the connection between this policy and other local policies. Next, the draft analyses the approach of the security policy. Part three of the draft highlights the responsibilities of different entities in implementation of the policy. Part four discuses the protection and management of criminal justice information, highlighting the protocols that apply in dissemination and use of such information. Part five of the draft discusses the implementation of the policy. It tackles different segments of policy implementation such as handling and exchange of information. This part elaborates the role of the state, federal and criminal justice agreements. Other agreements mentioned involve inter-agency and private contractors and their contribution in implementation of the policy. In addition, the part highlights other areas of the policy such as incident response, auditing, and accountability, control of access, identification and authentification, configuration management, media and physical protection. Part 5 also tackles formal audits and system and communication protection as well as information integrity. The draft document broadly elaborates all the areas mentioned making its implementation clear. It elaborates the roles of each of the areas and its contribution. The draft document succeeds in its purpose of highlighting the key implications and implementation protocols of the new policy. Vellani, H. (2010). Crime analysis for problem solving security professionals in 25 small steps. Retrieved on 24th Mar. 2012 from http://www.popcenter.org/library/reading/pdfs/crimeanalysis25steps.pdf The author of this report seeks to analyze ways in which an organization can minimize crime and increase security through research. He provides multiple steps of crime reduction and prevention through wise decision-making. In his report, Vellani highlights the key points for consideration while making decisions concerning protection of facilities. He then goes on to elaborate the twenty-five steps of crime analysis. He mentions the first one as learning the problem-oriented policing which serves as the model for security practitioners. The second step involves unraveling the patterns in crimes followed by grasping of the theories. Step 4 involves establishing the risk recipe. Understanding of the crime triangle and changing the situation are the next steps that Vellani mentions. In addition, he highlights that it is important for organizations to understand their industry, have skills of dealing with lawyers, and always give business the first priority. Vellani advises that an organization should recognize its competitors and critically analyze situations by asking relevant questions. In addition, an organization should analyze in-house crime reports and establish any patterns of crime risk. An organization should ensure that a social organization exists as Vellani highlights that social disorganization increases crimes. According to Vellani, an organization should establish a good relationship with the law enforcement and Federal Bureau of Investigations Uniform Crime Report (UCR). In addition, an organization should analyze call logs, offense reports available with police drawing valid conclusions. Deep analysis should apply at all times and the organization should compare crimes at different facilities. He advises organizations to describe the crimes according to time and establish a time trend for crimes in any of the facilities. He emphasizes the importance of establishing the mode of operation in crime activities. At this point, he highlights that an organization should carry out a pre-test or post-test of the security program to determine its effectiveness. He adds that specificity is crucial in crime analysis and advises organizations to seek to establish the spatial preference of crime. The last step includes determining crime thresholds, as it is impossible to prevent all crimes. In the end of the report, he analyzes a practical application of the above steps and identifies areas that still need research. Gau, M. (2010). Procedural justice and order maintenance policing: A study of inner-city young men’s perceptions of police legitimacy. Justice Quarterly, 2010; 27(2): 255-279. This article tackles the differing understanding of law enforcement between the police and the citizens. The study bases its analysis from interviews of men describing their encounters with the police. The article brings out scenarios that cause a bridging misunderstanding between the police and the citizens. The police are wary of crime suspects and the aim of preventing crime at whatever cost compels them to carry out involuntary searches to citizens who are potential criminals or behaving in manners that warrant suspicion. The involuntary search has caused the loss of confidence and trust in the police. In other cases, it gives rise to fear. Some citizens no longer view the police as a unit that can offer protection but rather officers who work on false suspicion and harass citizens. The study carried out collected information from 45 men from St. Louis. The interview expected the men to rate the competence of police in addressing crime and maintaining order in their society. The study established that the police department that aimed at reducing crime and maintaining order in the area ended up harassing a great number of the people in its operations. Although the study addressed different aspects of the task of the police, it established that aggressive maintenance of order led to strained relationship between the people and the police. This article details the study design and discusses the implications of the findings and the information is valuable for improving police operations and etiquette. References Criminal Justice Information Security Officer. (2011). Criminal justice information services (CJIS) security policy. Retrieved on 24th Mar. 2012 from http://publicintelligence.info/CJISsecuritypolicy.pdf Gau, M. (2010). Procedural justice and order maintenance policing: A study of inner-city young men’s perceptions of police legitimacy. Justice Quarterly, 2010; 27(2): 255-279. McCrie, D. (2004). The history of expertise in security management practice and litigation. Security Journal 2004; 17(3): 11-19. Vellani, H. (2010). Crime analysis for problem solving security professionals in 25 small steps. 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