Public Transport in Parramatta and Tourism Industry - Literature review Example

Name: xxxxxxxxx Tutor: xxxxxxxxx Title: Public transportation in Parramatta and tourism industry Course: xxxxxxxxx Date: xxxxxxxxx Public transportation in Parramatta and tourism industry Introduction Local planners and scholars are becoming more and more interested on how tourism contributes to social and economic development. Australian cities have a significant number of tourist arrivals thus local governments are actively promoting tourism. It is noted that mobility is a significant factor for tourists who visit large cities, because it is a vital issue that they consider for comfort. Benefits’ spread across various cities in Australia is facilitated by mobility. Tourism seems to put a constructive externality on public transport, because it offers surplus funding for these services, although it also exerts external expenses on resident users due to the congestion brought about by supply constraints (Albalate & Bel, 2010). This paper therefore provides a literature review on public transport in cities like Parramatta in relation to tourism industry. Literature Review Albalate & Bel (2010), contend that for several years transport that is public has been inferior within the priorities of policy of dispersed cities in Australia as well as other countries. On the other hand, public transport is progressively more acknowledged as a vital part of a city that is sustainable and functional. Neglect that is long term has left networks of metropolitan public transport in such cities experiencing service quality that is poor by weakly incorporated services with restricted capacity to provide a broad range of travel demands for potential customer. Much theory concerning modern planning states that land-use is the major use of public transport determinant such that developments to the services of public transport will fail on the financial and investment criteria except when they are coupled with general changes to neighboring land-uses. The outcome is that a lot of existing dispersed contexts, particularly those located within the extensive suburban regions of Australia like Parramatta are not getting the requisite enhancements in services that may possibly help them to outweigh their present levels of dependence of car and the sustainability, resource and climate deficits this reliance implies. Cunningham et al, (2003), noted that cities that are designed and developed exclusively to meet particular and restricted imperatives of adults do not necessary work well for most children. However, after the development of the children rights by several member states of the United Nations, a considerable literature from various parts of the globe has worked on children rights to be consulted in the course of urban planning issues and development of suitable mechanisms for doing so. Children in various Western nations are presently being recognized by provincial, local and national governments as a special group with particular needs that need to be articulated in the course of consultation process (Cunningham et al, 2003). For instance, in New South Wales found in Australia, an outstanding manual for planers of the city was prepared. Consulting with children for example through forums brings about advantages that exceed the obvious intention of informing planners of the city about genuine needs of the children. According to (Chawla, 2002), it is through opportunities of practicing that children obtain responsible and active citizenship, and Francis and Lorenz (2002) noted that children involvement in the planning and designing of their environment yields personal development advantages. Competence, which is the ability to practice control over crucial matters of a person’s life, is a significant factor of well-being that is psychological. Studies have shown that children consultation in the process of environmental planning, and particularly in environments is potential for supporting competence development, as an imperative mechanism of development of this skill in life (Chawla & Heft, 2002). In fact, Spencer and Woolley (2000) argue that so significant are the psychological advantages of involvement that people overlook participation of children during their environmental planning at our peril. Children who are in their middle childhood have particular needs that need to be weighed fairly together with those of other groups within the community. These children have the capacity to envision the future and to communicate effectively their thoughts. Due to their developing force for autonomy, they are by now developing the thoughts that will mould their childhood lives as effective adults. These children have interesting view points about life they live in and a lot to add to the political procedures that mould the rural and urban environment. This is principally so when planners of the city are trying to weigh the lasting development of their town. Public transport in Parramatta and tourism industry Public transport offers a significant role in improving accessibility to the many tourism destinations in a town (Gardner & Fitzpatrick, 1969). Insufficient provision of public transport in Parramatta can lead to restricting the amount of destinations visited, mounting to negative effects on the potential revenue of tourism of a city. Transport plays a significant role in the flourishing formation and development of fresh tourist destinations in Parramatta. Transport is also perceived as a catalyst for several transformations of cities. Congestion of motor cycles in the cities like Melbourne hinders a smooth running of transportation (Simons, 2007). Literature of tourism has also highlighted the unproductive effects of car-borne tourism at various destinations. For instance, in Parramatta, infrastructure that is automobile orientated, congestion, traffic and subsequent emissions demean the environment of the city, negatively influencing the city from the perspective of the tourist. Congestion in Parramatta was cited as reducing the tourism travel enjoyment, and was also propositioned as a threat for visitors to visit the urban regions of Australia. Studies have recommended the need to invest and encourage public transport so that the streetscapes can be pedestrian friendly. Streets that are pedestrian friendly are mainly regarded as chief component for cities that are tourism oriented. The Twenty25 strategic plan for Parramatta identifies the significance of transport that is sustainable. This plan reacts to the necessity for future strategies to control congestion of roads, decrease the dependence on car use, and enhance the use of transport that is sustainable particularly for local trips inclusive of tourists’ trips (Albalate & Bel, 2010). Connection between Tourism and Transport Transport has a connection that is inseparable with the industry of tourism. Progression within the transportation advancement has aided create the contemporary industry of tourism. For instance, research show that transport offered the accessibility needed to form the economy of the first visitor. Developments in the network of Roman network and shipping facilitated Rome’s wealthy to withdraw from the seaside. The urge to sustain tourism has expanded from the identification that the industry of tourism needs to employ sustainable standards to guarantee the lasting success of the industry (Albalate & Bel, 2010). Sustainable tourism endeavors to make sure that a resource base of the destination which entails cultural, physical and natural features are guided and enhanced for the capacity of future development of tourism. However, a number of significant concern and doubt have been raised by the academics of tourism to the level principles of sustainable development have been integrated into the movement of sustainable tourism. Since cities are destinations that are multi-purpose, they please to various tourists. Parramatta for instance is a city in Australia that has attractive historic buildings, restaurants, native culture and cultural history. All these add to the development of tourism industry therefore a good transport system will enhance this development. Public transport in the development of tourism It has been noted that visitors to the urban centers are very susceptible the use of public transport. When tourists enter the urban regions like Parramatta, they require transport in and around their destination. Albalate and Bel (2010) contended that tourists who enter urban centers generally do not require private transport so as to avert the combination of expenses, effort and hurdles that are brought about by driving. Tourists need to travel within their chosen destination, and thus transport provides this access as well as mobility. There exists a couple of recognition within the literature of tourism concerning the significance of public transport to tourist experience of a city setting and its supposed attractiveness. The image of the destination entails functional features which involves the infrastructure of public transportation. The product of urban tourism has also been noted as an array of services and goods, these services are generally grouped as secondary and primary features. Studies have considered transport as a secondary aspect of a destination; adding to the general appeal (Gardner & Fitzpatrick, 1969). Another study tried to categorize various products of a town in accordance with their capacity to attract tourists to a town; public transport was seen as a vital provision. Similarly, public transport was listed among the ten features that make towns attractive for potential visitors; the provision level also added to the general marketability of a particular destination (Albalate & Bel, 2010). According to Kinsella and Caulfield (2011), an improved network of public transport is a significant feature for cities to become a more attractive destination of tourism. The significance of public infrastructure within the urban tourism has been highlighted stating that the envisioned development for tourism in a specific city depends on the preservation of several items in the side of supply of tourism, including the infrastructure of public transport. Public transport provision has been identified as a necessity for the development of tourism, and this was highlighted with the significance of reducing environmental impacts whilst also providing the necessary accessibility needed by tourists. Conclusion As discussed above, public transport in Australian cities like Parramatta is an issue of concern. Public transport has been linked to enhancement of tourism industry. However, some barriers have been connected this development. For instance, overcrowding, poor access to services as well as emissions of greenhouse gases have been identified as potential barriers. The literature review has shown that public transport imposes a significant role administering the desired results of Parramatta tourism industry whilst offering the basis for sustainable city development. While focusing on improvement of public transport to enhance tourism industry, Australia, particularly Parramatta also works hard to obtain its worldwide obligations to a cutback of emissions and to guarantee the preservation of the clean, green picture, substantial changes need to be made to the Australia’s present expenditure and direction on transportation. Bibliography Albalate, D. & Bel, G. 2010, Tourism and urban public transport: Holding demand pressure under supply constraints, Tourism Management Vol.31, No. 3, pp 425-433. Chawla, L. 2002, ‘Insight, creativity and thoughts on the environment’: integrating children and youth into human settlement development, Environment and Urbanization, Vol.14, No. 2, pp 11–21. Chawla, L. and Heft, H. 2002, Children’s competence and the ecology of communities: a functional approach to the evaluation of participation, Journal of Environmental Psychology, Vol. 22, No.1–2, pp 191–200. Cunningham, C. et al. 2003, Children and Urban Regional Planning: Participation in the Public Consultation Process through Story Writing, Children’s Geographies, Vol. 1, No. 2, 201–221. Francis, M. and Lorenz, R. 2002, Seven realms of children’s participation, Journal of Environmental Psychology, 22(1–2), 157–169. Gardner,K. & Fitzpatrick, C. 1969, Creating community pride: the Bridgewater-Gagebrook urban renewal program, Commonwealth of Australia. Kinsella, J. and Caulfield, B. 2011, An Examination of the Quality and Ease of Use of Public Transport in Dublin from a Newcomer’s Perspective, Assistanant to the editior Vol. 14, No.1, pp 69. Spencer, C. and Woolley, H. 2000, Children and the city: a summary of recent environmental psychology research, Child Care, Health and Development, Vol. 26, No. 3, pp 181–197. Simons, M. 2007, A Cry in the Night, Penguin. Read More