Negative Effects of Illegal Immigration in the U.S - Term Paper Example

?Immigration Issues The United s of America is obviously comprised of immigrants who began coming to the country in the late 1400s and early 1500s for various reasons. Many came for better opportunities or religious freedom while others arrived as slaves. The Industrial Revolution was also a factor as millions came to the United States to build new lives and in spite of the variety of cultures living together, most were willing to work hard and get along with others. However, illegal immigration is problematic for the country and is most commonly a result of border migration in both Texas and California as it impossible to guard the entire border line. Legal immigration benefits the U.S. each year; however, it’s illegal counterpart does not. Illegal immigration in the Unites States creates big problems for many businesses. "Three hundred thousand illegal immigrants enter the Unites States each year" (Green 4). Every year many illegal immigrants sneak across the U.S. borders, or forge the right papers. Many businesses in rural areas hire illegal immigrants knowingly for outrageously low prices. This hiring is not only degrading to the appearance of the US, but is unfair to other businesses that hire U.S. citizens. Illegal immigrants create greater competition between businesses, but for the ones that don't hire them it unbalances their earnings. Since illegal immigrants can be hired for much less than minimum wage, companies can maximize their profit by buying products cheaply, and cutting costs in staffing their facilities. The United States government has tried to enforce laws about the employment of illegal aliens, but has given up time and time again. Some employers may have even employed an illegal immigrant without even knowing it. Some immigrants obtain the papers for a citizenship, but instead of getting them signed by officials, they forge them and end up getting away with it. “Politicians, scholars, and citizens alike pronounce the immigration policy “broken,” as the number of illegal immigrants has reached an estimated 11 million.” (Papademetriou 2005). The issues of both immigration and naturalization are currently extremely sensitive and important issues facing the United States. The Immigration and Naturalization Act of 1952 clearly asserts that no illegal aliens are allowed into the United States. “In 2008 alone, 1,305 bills related to illegal immigration were introduced in the United States; 206 laws and resolutions were passed in 41 states.” (National Conference of State Legislatures 2009). Immigration and naturalization laws must be enforced in the United States, and without it America would become overpopulated and immigration would be out of control. The INS was organized in 1952 for the sole purpose of controlling immigration in to the United States. There are two ways of becoming a citizen of a country, which are by birth and naturalization. Naturalization is a process by which people become citizens from one country or region to another. Some countries do not allow naturalization or immigration due to over population circumstances. (Levey. 67). Illegal immigrants are breaking the federal law when they do not follow this process. Regardless of their reasons, they need to be held accountable for their actions. On February 7, 2003 the Immigration and Naturalization Service (INS) released its latest estimate for the size and growth of the illegal alien population in the United States. "The INS estimates that there were five million illegal aliens living in the United States, with the number growing by 275,000 each year."(Kobach) New numbers are for the long term, illegal population is those who have been in the United States for at least one year. Many people question exactly how many illegal immigrants are really in the country. “In 2009 the Department of Homeland Security estimated that there were 1.68 million undocumented immigrants living in Texas. (The nation as a whole is said to have 10.8 million, according to the DHS; Texas has the second highest number of all the states, after California.)” (Salamon et.al. 144). Most of these illegal immigrants come from Mexico but knowing this fact alone does not help prevent it. Traditionally, immigrants have migrated to the United States in order to escape from the religious and political persecution they face in their own countries and many would not be alive if left in their own countries. Other immigrants leave their homelands to pursue the new freedoms and benefits offered to them only in the United States. In response to this, the U.S. has had to set quotas on the number of people the country can accept, so that natives aren't affected by the immigrants. As of now, our country allows 1.2 million immigrants a year from various regions of the world. ("Immigration issues," ). The government believes at this rate, the economy will continue to run efficiently and that the immigrants will not cause a large impact on the population. The facts that are present though, seem to prove otherwise. After many studies, many economical and population issues can be directly related to immigration to the United States. It is reported that every year immigrants both legal and illegal displace 730,000 Americans from jobs a year, which accounts for nearly two billion dollars. ("Immigration issues," ). This means unemployment will always be on the rise as long as immigrants keep taking American jobs. When Americans are jobless, the economy will also begin to suffer. At the same time a decline in nationalism can be directly related to immigration issues. It is proven that Americans who are out of a job and on welfare will not have the same sense of pride in their country and government as they would if they were out in work force and making their own money. The adoptive citizens had effects on jobs in the United States. Those born in America believed and accused the immigrants of stealing their jobs and leaving many native Americans jobless even though most of these immigrants are poor and uneducated and take only low paying jobs. These poorer immigrants often had little medical attention and brought foreign diseases which are often dangerous as Americans are not always immune to these diseases, doctors are not used to seeing them, and antibiotics are not easily available as so few cases are reported. Most immigrants that come to the US, today and in the past, start off with jobs that require physical labor, jobs that require the unskilled. However, some immigrants take different paths with their lives and start their own businesses. "Immigrants are more likely to start businesses" (Immell 2). "Sanctions only drive immigrants further into the underground economy" (Green 12). By enforcing the hiring illegal immigrants illegal, employers are forcing the workers to work longer hours, sometimes sleep at their places of work to avoid detection. This causes the illegal immigrants to go undocumented for an even longer period of time, sometimes going completely unnoticed. This is very damaging to the economy because not only are they working for even less money than other illegal aliens, but nobody knows about them. When illegal aliens are used, most other companies near them know about it, and hire their own to compete, but when they don't know about them and continue hiring legit workers, they get killed on profit and end up getting shut down. Many immigrants stay where they first settle, and they settle where they see others of their nationality. "Manhattan's lower east side became flooded with 5 varieties of Jews" (Immell 97). This massive flooding if immigrants into one area caused certain parts of the United States to be somewhat segregated. "Long hours, small wages and seasonal employment tooted the immigrants to the spot" (Immell 99). Since immigrants did not receive much pay, they could only afford to feed their families and pay the rent. Most immigrant families could barely get by, very few managed to save up any money at all. "Money sent home by immigrants from the United States ruins the US economy" (Ziegler 44). The people that managed to save up a few dollars immediately mailed it home to the family still back at the old country. This caused the money in the United States to grow scarce, and deflation occurred. These workers also have an opportunity to apply for work visas that would allow them to work in the United States without having to first become citizens and many still do not choose to follow these laws either. The first visa category, H-2A, an agricultural worker visa, allows foreign agricultural workers to come to the United States for temporary or seasonal work. There is no annual cap on this category of workers. To bring foreign workers to the United States under this visa, employers must petition the Department of Labor, and although most H-2A certifications are approved, the process is so cumbersome and the necessary certifications are often issued so late (after the peak harvest season) that many employers choose not to go through the process. (Waller Meyers 2006). Crime in general is also a concern though it is often difficult to determine the exact numbers of illegal immigrants who engage in criminal acts beyond their unlawful entry. “Various reports have demonstrated that many of the country’s lowest crime rates can be found in places with the highest immigration rates; that America’s crime rate dropped radically between the mid-nineties and the early twenty-first century, just as immigration was booming; and that the incarceration rate of native-born men is higher than that of immigrants.” (Salamon et. al. 145). Additionally, residual effects of their presence are also difficult to determine with exact figures. For example, they often put a strain on the welfare system or even local educational systems where children are attending school though the parents do not pay taxes. One of the largest downfalls of immigration is the United States' welfare system. "Those who became dependant on donations are likely to remain so for life" (Ziegler 41). Many immigrants take advantage of this system and abuse it to no extent by reapplying for it, claiming that they have a physical disability when in reality they don't have any. Some immigrants claim they have a mental disability and sit at home all day and collect welfare checks, not having to work because of their laziness. This throws off the US economy system because the people who work for their money have to pay for families that rely completely on welfare. With regard to welfare, immigrants have continuously proven to be on a drain on Medicaid and other welfare programs intended for Americans. Right now 15.5 percent of immigrant's children are on subsidized lunches compared to only 5.8 percent of the natives. The percentage of immigrants that receive welfare is also much higher than the number of Americans that receive welfare. (Problems np). "Every day, thousands of Mexicans illegally cross into the US every day" (Green 13). Illegal immigrants cause many issues in the US, and even more crossing the border doesn't fix them. The main problem they cause is that they get employed for extremely cheap rates and throw off the businesses in the local areas. Even worse of an issue that they bring up is their deaths during the illegal transit. "In 2000, 217 illegal aliens were found dead near the US-Mexico border" (Green 14). If the traversal from Mexico to the United States were a bit safer, less people would die, but also more people would try to cross each year, causing the amount of illegal aliens to increase. "The border patrol only catches 1 out of every 3 trying to cross into the United States" (Green 12). An increasing problem is that the border patrol cannot keep up with all the immigration attempts each day, causing many immigrants to enter the US unnoticed. "The border patrol is woefully understaffed, and over 40% of all Border Patrol agents have been on the job 2 years or less" (Green 13). Because of the small amount of unskilled Border Patrol officers, it has become very easy to sneak into the U.S. unnoticed. “The border between the U.S. and Mexico is 1,954 miles long; the border fence is designed to cover approximately 670 miles of it. Most of those gaps can be found in Texas: A mere 110 miles of fence will be spread across our 1,254-mile border.” (Salamon et. al. 146). Issues involving US-Mexican immigration policy have both political as well as social implications. In the book, The Tortilla Curtain by T.C. Boyle, the Arroyo Blanco Estates decide upon a gate, and then a wall, in order to keep out illegal Mexican immigrants who have been terrorizing their community, a problem due to inefficient border control strategies. In fact, they feel that "when [they] get control of the border again...[they'll] be the first to advocate taking the gate down." They see these devices "as necessary, as vital, essential, and un-do-withoutable as the roofs over [their] heads and dead bolts on [their doors" (Boyle 44), needing the barriers for security. As soon as these problems are addressed, US citizens will feel more comfortable in their homes and US-Mexican relations will be improved. Another area of concern is the impact illegal immigration has on the educational system. The federal government does not support providing higher education for illegal immigrants but the only specific law does little to prevent them from receiving assistance and does little more than “designed to prevent States from offering illegal aliens in-State tuition at public institutions of higher education.” (Education Benefits 263). There appears to be no law that restricts access to illegal aliens for admission into any school. This issue also has become problematic at the elementary school age. “Indeed, in the 1982 Plyler v. Doe case, the Court held that a Texas statute that would have prohibited unauthorized student aliens from receiving a free public elementary and secondary education violated the Constitution.” (Education Benefits 263). Therefore, families not paying any type of State or Federal taxes are able to enter the school systems and receive the same education as legal taxpayers. Many question how these illegal children are able to attend school without being noticed, but the answer is actually simpler than many might realize. “In 1996 the Internal Revenue Service established the Individual Taxpayer Identification Number (ITIN) to track wages and taxes for employees who are ineligible for a Social Security number—including undocumented immigrants.” (Salamon et. al. 147). This solves the problem of needing a social security card to enroll in school. Ironically, it is illegal for schools not to allow student to enroll. “As for enrolling their children in school, parents simply have to show proof of residence—a gas bill, say. It’s a violation of federal law to deny a child an education, regardless of his or her immigration status.” (Salamon et. al. 147). Anyone aware of these laws would have no trouble educating their children with American citizens paying the bill for them. Since the events of September 11th, The United States has needed to become stricter and provide its citizens with more protection than it has ever considered doing. While some believes the policies go too far and infringe on personal freedoms, it seems protecting the citizens of the country must come first. This may be a very difficult balance to achieve but it is far better to error with caution. In the opinion of many, there does need to be tighter laws such as with airport security even if it seems to infringe on personal freedoms as recent terrorist acts have made these increased security measures necessary. For example, when President Bill Clinton signed the Federal Aviation Administration Reauthorization Act of 1996 into law, he and many others believed that the bill would "improve the security of air travel," in the president's own words. This bill approved the fixation of new bomb-detection scanners, which will be used to inspect all bags at large airports. The measure also required special Federal Bureau of Investigation agents to be appointed to airport safety. This law would prevent many bombings on airplanes and at airports. Also, airport security was enforced much more after the September 11th attacks, but should have been made even stricter. The FAA found that crew-members of certain airlines could get through security checkpoints much easier than regular passengers. For instance, due to screening of bags, airports collected an abundant amount of knives from the carry-on bags of passengers, but when two Northwest Airlines crew members walked through the detectors carrying a knife and a corkscrew, they were not stopped. According to the Constitution, "all men are created equal," but this was not the case, as crew-members were treated different from the airline's "valued customers." All persons entering an airport should be treated the same, whether they are a part of the airline crew or an airport worker or a frequent flyer. Airport security could be made tighter, more secure, and safe if certain bills would be signed into law by our government. Another case of poor airport security was found on October 16th, 2001, when a government audit showed that one of the country's biggest airport security corporations is still hiring screeners with records so bad that they should not be offered employment. The firm was fined and ordered to restore more than $1.5 million, not to mention to prevent the infractions from repeating. Therefore, the welfare of our country could be made stronger if all persons, no matter what status, are treated the same by airport staff and no person was let past security checkpoints without being checked, and if more bills were passed in order to protect the country. “While most illegal immigrants may come only to seek work and a better economic opportunity, their presence outside the law furnishes an opportunity for terrorists to blend into the same shadows while they target the American public for their terrorist crimes.” ("Immigration issues,"). However, there is question as to what can be done. It is proven to be difficult to protect the entire U.S. Mexican border where the majority of illegal immigrants arrive. Once here, federal laws seem to contradict the country’s efforts to limit this problem. For example, “U.S. law states that you can hire only citizens or aliens who are permitted to work. But when it comes to housework and child care, many people get away with doing otherwise. “The Obama administration has ramped up the pursuit of penalties against employers who knowingly hire illegal immigrants, but generally the focus is on businesses with multiple employees, not individuals,” says Kathleen Webb, the proprietor of Home Work Solutions, a tax compliance service. “The risk of being caught is low, and the penalty for a single employee is a civil fine.” (Salamon et. al. 148). This all of course implies that there is even available manpower to monitor who companies hire and would be even more difficult to monitor individual households even of the penalties are more severe. Many agree, as does Robert Aderholt, that the United States was built on immigrants and all deserve an opportunity to pursue the rights, freedoms and opportunities afforded. Aderholt is clear on his position that before the country attempts any more legislative acts, the first priority is to control the influx. He states, “Today, we've lost control of our borders.  I believe the American people will only deal with reform if they are convinced that the borders are secure first.” ("Robert Aderholt illegal," ). It is also essential that those who are caught do face the consequences of their actions. “I feel very strongly that amnesty should not be automatically granted to those who are here illegally.  We are a nation of laws and we would send the wrong message if we were to merely give amnesty to those who openly disregard our laws.” ("Robert Aderholt illegal," ). Right now there are numerous laws in place against immigration but they need to be better enforced to be effective. Just one example of a flaw in the system is “Many illegal immigrants being detained by the Department of Homeland Security are unable to be deported for a variety of reasons. Yet under current law, DHS cannot detain these illegal immigrants for more than six months, even if the individual has committed a violent crime or represents a threat to national security. As a result, hundreds of criminals are released back onto our streets.” ("Robert Aderholt illegal," ). This again proves that legislation in itself will not solve all the problems. It seems like a wasted effort to many to deport a handful or immigrants when many are coming right back in to replace them. Until stronger border protection is in place, these acts will remain ineffectual on addressing the overall issues associated with illegal immigration. Though this may seem likely a costly effort, many believe the benefits will outweigh those costs and the problem will only continue to increase and become more costly and problematic the longer it goes uncontrolled. The three major components of immigration control — deterrence, apprehension and removal—need to be strengthened by Congress and the Executive Branch if effective control is ever to be reestablished. Controlling illegal immigration requires a balanced approach with a full range of enforcement improvements that go far beyond the border. These include many procedural reforms, beefed up investigation capacity, asylum reform, documents improvements, major improvements in detention and deportation procedures, limitations on judicial review, improved intelligence capacity, greatly improved state/federal cooperation, and added resources. ("Immigration issues," ). Immigration policy and the representatives working for this association should be more aware of who they are letting in their country and what they are providing for each grouping; these rules can have exceptions as other rules do, but for the most part the regulations should be given equally and fairly to all immigrants. Cuban immigrants should not be given political refuge here in the United States just for being Cuban unless they are in a life/death situation (medical or political). How can the immigration policy of today offer Cuban Immigrants a residency, and won't even let the Mexican immigrants get a social security number? And how is it that when Cuban Immigrants get here illegally they are given the right to stay here legally just for being Cuban, but all other immigrants are deported or they just get to stay here illegally with the deprivation of basic rights. Security is one of the biggest issues immigration is facing today. Immigration regulations could have at some point prevented the 9/11 attack if they had caught the terrorists when they came into the country. Immigration should have screened the immigrants who came into the United States more efficiently; these procedures are followed more accurately nowadays. Aiming at the kinds of persons that come into this country and at the reasons they have to migrate and not their nationality would increase the results of having a more educated population and decrease the violence and terrorism that characterizes the immigrants. Since 9/11, there have been stricter policies enacted and some visible change has taken place. The unintended consequence of this restrictive immigration regime has been a shift from temporary migration to permanent immigration. Similar trends have been observed in Europe, where scholars note that “[t]he further away the country of origin and the stricter the immigration restrictions are, the more likely it is that initially mobile migrants, who otherwise may have come and gone, stay and become undocumented population” (Duvell 2006, 189). Many migrants in this study feared being unable to return to the United States in the future should a need arise, and thus decided to stay indefinitely. Such decisions are consistent with “the new economics of migration,” a migration theory that argues that a decision to migrate is often made not by individual migrants but by their families to guarantee an external source of income (remittances) should economic conditions in the country of origin deteriorate (Massey et al. 1993). California citizens sent a clear message to the federal government that something needed to be done as this influx of illegal immigrants was having such a negative impact as “the voters approved Proposition 187 (the "Save Our State" initiative) in November 1994. Placed on the statewide ballot by citizen initiative, this measure attempted to ban the provision of public services and benefits, including public education, non-emergency health care, cash, and other public assistance, to illegal aliens, and would have required state and contract service agencies to report persons seeking assistance who could not verify their lawful presence to police agencies and the California Attorney General.” (Hoyt). Though this never took effect, it is a clear example that people are asking for reform. Regardless of the reasons, illegal immigration is a crime and needs to be treated as such. “Each year the Border Patrol makes more than a million apprehensions of aliens who flagrantly violate our nation's laws by unlawfully crossing U.S. borders. Such entry is a misdemeanor, but, if repeated, becomes punishable as a felony. ("Immigration issues," ). Additionally, existing immigration laws should be reviewed to make the process a more logical one for those desiring to live in the United States. Many immigrants seeking citizenship to the United States have been on a waiting list for almost twelve years. Instead of waiting until they are legally allowed to enter, many sneak through border security and use fake identities to be apart of our society. After recent research, the INS has reported that there are over eight million illegal immigrants in the country. A third of them were only found due to the fact that they had committed a crime and their true identity was learned. It is a shame that the illegal immigrants come over in search of a new life only to return to a life of poverty and crime. These people also give legal immigrants a bad name to our society and have contributed to factors limiting immigration. The laws make it easier for immigrants to be illegal than legal. According to the Federation for American Immigration Reform (FAIR), more than one million aliens settled in the United States in 2001, and studies reveal that 400 million others would migrate to the U.S. tomorrow if given the opportunity. ("Fair," ). America's need for immigration ended a century ago when the frontier was closed. Thus, correspondingly, we tightened immigration policies. This new, heavy influx of immigration is harmful to both our country and the native countries of the immigrants. The only hope for these societies is for their constituents to work toward improvement of their own countries, not seek selfish gain in our country. Unlike previous eras of immigration, today's immigrants are 50% more likely to seek and receive welfare than native-born Americans. ("Fair," ). Providing for the needs of immigrants costs American taxpayers as much as 20 billion dollars per year. We are incapable of providing high quality health care, education, and retirement security for our own people if we continue to admit countless masses of poor, unskilled immigrants. America is continually working to meet the challenges posed by her own poor and disadvantaged. Mass Immigration compounds the problems and impedes further relief and efforts to raise the standards of living for all. America's economy is in fragile straights to say the least. A very real concern of the American public is a lack of jobs, and with a nearly record unemployment rate of 5.7% in March, 2004 reasonable concern. The onrush of immigrants into the labor market compiles the dilemma. Immigrants are more likely to accept lower wages and poorer working conditions. Therefore, immigrants depress wages and working conditions for native-born, low-skilled laborers. Not to mention how immigration blocks our native poor from entry level opportunities, contributes to the widening gap between upper and lower classes, and increases businesses' dependency on cheap labor instead of innovation and modernization. ("Fair," ). In an age of war and perpetual fear, Americans are gravely aware of national security. Regardless, current immigration levels are so high that border officials are incapable of sufficiently screening immigrants before granting them admittance- as September 11, 2001 tragically underscored. Several alterations are essential in order to regain control of the system and to meet the presently accentuated quest for security. These alterations include, but are not restricted to: lower immigration levels, an entry/exit system to detect those who overstay their visas, and intensive enforcement. Immigration laws should be stricter and immigrants should be studied more before being let into our country for whatever reason in order to hinder any more terrorist attacks on the United States. During the summer of 2002, The Chicago Council on Foreign Relations collected a study and found that sixty percent of Americans interviewed thought that immigration was a major threat to our country, while in a 1998 survey only fifty-five percent of Americans believed so. Thus, the majority of Americans believe that the USA would be more protected if the country was more strict in its immigrant requirements. The only the United States of America can ensure that the majority of the people living in this country feel safe would be to study immigrants applying for Visas and to guarantee that their backgrounds do not consist of actions of a terrorist. In addition, the Special Registration Plan keeps firm tabs on immigrants who are temporarily staying in the USA. This plan has aided the law in capturing many wanted convicts and other law-breakers. More plans like the Special Registration Plan should be made to assure the safety of Americans by making sure of the location of immigrants temporarily remaining in the United States of America. In other words, our country should use the information that we have on immigrants to decide whether they could jeopardize our country or whether they are capable of living a good life and staying out of trouble here in the United States. Hence, more immigration laws should be enforced so that the United States. Everyday America embraces immigrants from the farthest recesses of the earth. The United States has emerged as a country as a safe haven for the masses living under the guise of: "Give me you tired, your poor, your huddled masses yearning to breathe free...". This motto has helped the country grow and evolve but now forces the government to pay more attention to immigration policies. The country now needs to be concerned with who enters and lives within the country. References Boyle, T.C. . (1996). The Tortilla Curtain. New York: Penguin. Duvell, Franck. (2006). Migration in Europe: A Comparative Perspective. In Illegal Immigration in Europe: Beyond Control? edited by Franck Duvell, 171–96. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. Education Benefits for Undocumented Immigrants: Overview of Relevant Court Decisions. (2010). Congressional Digest, 89(9), 263-288. Retrieved from EBSCOhost. Fair. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.fairus.org/ Green, Nicole W., Immigration, Washington DC: CQ Press; 2002, 20 Nov 03. Retrieved from EBSCOhost. Hoyt, H. (2010). Illegal Entry? State and Local Governments Step into the Illegal Immigration Quagmire. State & Local Law News, 34(1), 1-15. Retrieved from EBSCOhost. Immell, Myralt, (2000). The 1900's, San Diego: Greenhaven Publishers. Immigration issues. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.fairus.org/site/PageNavigator/issues.html Levey, Judith. 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