Sociological Theories and Historic Figures of the Feminism - Coursework Example

Political Theory Final The principle of general will according to Rousseau’s political philosophy is the sovereign will or the will of all the people, which aims for what, is best for the whole state (Sparknotes 244). Despite the fact that each individual may have what they feel is best for themselves, in a healthy state, people will collectively value the combined good of all over their personal good, the incorporation of all particular wills is thereby equivalent to good will. An instance of manifestation of good will in a healthy state is seen in the law of that state. To Rousseau, the laws of the particular state are a record of the collective desires of all the people and the application of those laws should be universal to all people of the state. The role of the government in Rousseau’s political system is enforce and respect the sovereign people’s will and in no way should it seek to dominate the general will. The legislature function is to ensure that the law supports the state’s preservation. The function of the tribunate according to Rousseau’s political system is to maintain the state by promotion of the idea of spiritual kingdom separate from any political system. 2. Hegel’s dialectical idealism is where Hegel used different and more precise terms for dialectical trios. He used two different sets of terms for his trios, which include abstract negative concrete and immediate mediate concrete. According to Hegel, Geist, which is a German word for spirit or mind, is used to imply to the category-by-category culmination, dialectically of the negative of the infinite abstraction, resulting to the category of absolute mind or spirit (Geist). 3. Karl Marx presents the concept of alienation by describing the social alienation of people from their human nature aspects because of living in a society stratified into social classes (Swatos & Peter, 13). He presents the concept of class-consciousness, which refers to the beliefs held by an individual concerning their social class, the structure of that class and the interests of the particular class. For the concept of class antagonism, Marx implied the conflict that exists in a society due to the competing socioeconomic interests brought by the different classes of people that exist in the society. Marx’s concept of revolution discusses social revolution where the working class tries to overthrow the bourgeoisie. Marx believed that proletarian revolutions are sure to happen in all capitalist nations. 4. Historical (dialect) materialism is a philosophy of science and nature whose main ideas are based on the concept of the natural world evolution and the new developing qualities of being at new evolution stages. The stages of ownership that Marx addresses in the German ideology include tribal ownership, ancient communal and state ownership and feudal or estate property. Tribal ownership relates to the young stage of production, where survive on hunting and fishing, by domesticating of animals or, in the highest stage, practicing agriculture. In the final case, it assumes a large mass of uncultivated expanses of land. At this stage, labor division is still very uncomplicated and is limited to a additional extension of the natural labor division that usually exists in the family. Ancient communal ownership demonstrates itself in the uniting of several tribes into a city by signing a treaty or by subjugation, and which still incorporates slavery. Feudal or estate property is almost the same as the ancient communal ownership. Feudal ownership is an association against an exposed producing class; a kind of association where the relation where the different conditions of production led to a situation where the direct producers were different (Appelrouth & Laura 38). 5. Marx uses the metaphor of the understructure and superstructure to support his argument that economic relations of production that occur in the society are the ones that determine the forms of social and state consciousness, that is the philosophical and societal structures including law, politics, religion, art and education. The metaphor of understructure and superstructure is one of the vital parts of Marxist theory for fictional and social studies since it relates to the philosophy theory and the role of art in philosophy making. Marx interpreted understructure to imply to the material reality and superstructure to mean some things such as the societal and intellectual phenomena. Marx argument on this issue means that there is a forthright mechanical connection relationship between the understructure and the superstructure. However, this forthrightly mechanic understanding of the relationship between understructure and superstructure is seen by modern Marxist critics as being too naive. 6. Nietzsche’s master morality and slave morality are two important kinds of morality where slave morality places value on such things as kindness, humility and sympathy. Master morality on the other side finds such things as pride, strength, and nobility, to be more valuable. It uses a scale of either good or bad consequences to weigh actions of individuals unlike slave morality, which weighs individual actions on the scale of both good and evil intents. Extra Credit Types of communist movements criticized by Karl Marx in the communist manifesto include Feudal socialism, Petty-Bourgeois Socialism, Utopian Socialism and Conservative or Bourgeois Socialism. One is not born but becomes a woman is de Beauvoir’s most famous statement that represents the logical continuation of the proofs offered by de Beauvoir in his Book I in support of her argument on feminity (Simons 156). She argues that feminity does not originate from variances in biology or intellect. She argues that feminity is a construction of civilization, a reflection of non-essential differences in men and women but of differences in their situation where situation is deemed to determine character and not character determining situation. World historic figure and world historic fact on feminism Activists in the first movement organized by women in the late 19th and early 20th century found out those most standard historical texts had omitted women; this inspired women to initiate writing of their own stories. Barbara Hutchins, Alice Clark and Barbara Drake produced detailed studies of work, trade, political activities and unionism of women. Suffrage campaigners also developed anxiety on the vote achievement and the part of women in gaining victory and did not want it lost from view. Suffrage campaigners therefore took an active part constructing a narrative campaign that would create a lifelong influence on subsequent generations of historians. This culminated to the establishment of Suffragette Fellowship and the Library of the London Society for Womens Service as the successor of the London womens suffrage organization led by Millicent Fawcett in 1920s. This establishment was mainly for collection of source materials concerning the militant and constitutional sides of the movement. At the same time, numerous campaigners produced autobiographies on the suffrage years. Two participants in the suffrage campaign, Ray Strachey and Sylvia Pankhurst wrote the history of the movement; the text they wrote is currently considered a classic. Ubermensch is the German word for over human, over man, Above Human, Super-human, Superman, Ultra human, Higher-Being, and Higher-Person. Nietzsche introduced the concept of Ubermensch in contrast to other worldliness of Christianity. Zarathustra declares Übermensch to be the sense of the earth and cautions his audience to disregard those who give promises of worldly hopes so that they can attract them away from the earth. Bourgeois Marriage is a marriage among the wealthy section of the middle class that came up during the final part of the Middle Ages from AD 476 to AD 1453. In such a marriage, members of these families tend to marry with the aristocracy harboring the financial and political interests of the bourgeoisie. Work Cited Appelrouth, Scott, and Laura D. Edles. Classical and Contemporary Sociological Theory: Text and Readings. Los Angeles, Calif: Pine Forge Press, 2008. Print. Swatos, William H, and Peter Kivisto. Encyclopedia of Religion and Society. Walnut Creek, Calif: AltaMira Press, 1998. Print. Sparknotes 101 Philosophy. New York: Spark Educational Pub, 2005. Print. Simons, Margaret A. Beauvoir and the Second Sex: Feminism, Race, and the Origins of Existentialism. Lanham, Md: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, 1999. Print. Read More