The Incidence of Diabetes Type 2 - Literature review Example

SLP 3 The Sampling frame. RES500 ABINA RILEY TUI Marie Luque The research paper aims to conduct a thorough research on“what is the role of anti-inflammatory agents in the prevention of type 2 diabetes in people with obesity?” The hypothesis for the research will be: “If anti-inflammatory diet is used, the risk of occurrence of type 2 diabetes in obese people decreases. Background: 311 million people are being diagnosed as a victim of diabetes type 2 worldwide. Millions of people are in a pre-diabetes phase. This pandemic is associated with obesity and hereditary factors. Judious risk factor management is demanded against diabetes especially in those who are at risk. Literature search: Sears and Ricordi had discussed the role of anti-inflammatory diet in obese individuals against the development of diabetes, and found it beneficial because anti-inflammatory agents cut down the inflammation in adipose tissues and through this, it had decreased the incidence of diabetes type 2. Chuengsamarn et al., had proved the beneficial effects of cumurin in pre-diabetic individuals. The key factor of cumurin was its anti-inflammatory property which has decreased the risk factor for the development of type 2 diabetes. Pischon et al., proved the anti-inflammatory benefit of physical activity and has shown that increased physical activity is associated with decreased risk of diabetes in obese individuals. Anti-inflammatory agents are proven to be able to decrease diabetes in obese individuals by decreasing the inflammatory load and insulin resistance. They can be efficiently incorporated into the daily life to decrease the incidence of diabetes type 2 in pre-diabetic population. Case 3 The Sampling Frame. This research paper aims to conduct a literature review for the research question “what is the role of anti-inflammatory agent in the prevention of type 2 diabetes in people with obesity?” and construction of its hypothesis in the light of a thorough literature review. Research Hypothesis: The research hypothesis to be proved is: “If anti-inflammatory diet is used, the risk of occurrence of type-2 diabetes in obese people decreases. Background: 311 million people are clinically diagnosed with diabetes mellitus type 2. This figure clearly speaks of the current global situation of diabetes mellitus. Diabetes is not only related to the adverse health outcome, but it is significantly associated with deteriorating economic conditions; a large allocation of funds is demanded for the treatment of such a large population of diabetes type 2 patients. Beside clinically known diabetics, millions of people have pre-diabetes stage, and are prone to develop diabetes mellitus type 2 in their near future. Cutting down the risk factors is the only method of choice to control the global issue of diabetes. Along with the genetics, obesity is a well-known risk factor for the development of diabetes type 2. Besides other physiological processes, chronic inflammation in the adipose cells is known to produce insulin resistance in the body that subsequently produces insulin resistance diabetes that is diabetes type 2. The good thing about obesity is that it is a modifiable risk factor of diabetes type 2. This research question aims to find out whether an anti-inflammatory agent can be beneficial for the prevention and delaying the onset of diabetes type 2 so that they can be incorporated into the daily life of at risk people. Literature review: Sears and Ricordi (2011) have discussed the role of anti-inflammatory agents for the prevention of chronic diseases like diabetes mellitus in obese individuals. Obesity is almost an epidemic in the population of the United States, making 2/3 of its population obese. Obesity is not related to a single factor, but it is a multifactorial disease, which is related not only to genetics, but also with the dietary pattern. Obesity has a strong inflammatory impact on the body and adipose tissue occupies the central place in the development of chronic inflammation (Sears & Ricordi, 2011). Site of adipose tissue accumulation is more important; if the fat is deposited around major organs, it is more likely to produce insulin resistance and consequently, the production of type 2 diabetes mellitus (Sears & Ricordi, 2011). Inflammation plays a key role in pathogenesis of a wide rage of chronic diseases in obese people. Some of those diseases include stroke, arthritis, diabetes, bowel disease, and heart disease. Anti-inflammatory diet, which include fresh fruits, vegetables, avocado oil, olive oil, and other foods rich in vitamin E and K are very beneficial for obese people to prevent type-2 diabetes from occurring (Borboa, 2012). Today, the trend of eating junk food is increasing in every part of the world which is playing a key role in increasing obesity and chronic diseases in people. Anti-inflammation agents contain a high amount of vitamins, nutrients, and Omega-3 fatty acids that are scientifically proved for reducing the risk of chronic diseases. Fatty acids are used for the production of prostaglandins which are imperative for improving the immune response of the body, as well as for fighting against obesity related diseases. Imbalance between pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory process is the backbone of inflammatory process; cytokines, chemokine’s, leukotrienes, Toll like receptors, transcription factors, and interleukins are the constituents of pro-inflammatory phase. Continuous pro-inflammatory phase at low-level is responsible for the development of chronic diseases in obese individuals (Sears & Ricordi, 2011). Sears & Ricordi suggested that a diet rich in omega 3 fatty acid is likely to reduce inflammation by producing eicosanoids. It is more likely to suppress the genes that are responsible for fat accumulation, through anti-inflammatory dietary agents. Anti- inflammatory diet has shown efficacy in reducing weight, inflammatory stress and insulin resistance so they may prove beneficial for the prevention of disease, like diabetes mellitus type 2, in obese individuals (2011). Chuengsamarn et al., conducted a randomized, double blinded, placebo-controlled clinical trial in pre-diabetic samples who were mostly from old age group, have high body mass index and few were with other risk factors like hypertensive or with a positive family history of diabetes. In the clinical trial, curcumin was introduced in pre-diabetic population, as an anti-inflammatory agent, and was found to have anti-diabetic properties (2012). When the pre-diabetic people were treated with curcumin extracts, 0% of them progressed to the diabetes mellitus type 2, in contrast to 16.4% progression rate among placebo receiving pre-diabetic individuals. The result showed the beneficial role of anti-inflammatory agents against diabetes mellitus among old aged and in individuals with high BMI (commonly called as obese) (Chuengsamarn et al., 2012). Curcumin preparation was found to be associated with an improved beta- cell function of pancreas, decrease insulin resistance, lower levels of HbA1c and decreased level of C reactive protein. Decreased level of C reactive protein is the evidence of anti-inflammatory property of Curcumin. The anti-inflammatory agent is also associated with the reduction of macrophage infiltration and it may reverse some inflammatory reactions as well. The agent was also proved to be a reducing agent for tumor necrosis factor, alpha-nectin and resistin levels in the body (Chuengsamarn et al., 2012). Increased amount of adiponectin is associated with the lower risk of diabetes mellitus type 2 and the anti-inflammatory agent is known to increase the level of adiponectin in a body. The anti-inflammatory agent can be used safely for the prevention of diabetes mellitus in the obese and overweight individuals since no adverse effects have been observed during the clinical trial (Chuengsamarn et al., 2012). Anti-inflammation can be induced through physical exercise. Physical activity has been shown to reduce obesity and obesity related inflammatory cytokines and interleukins. Investigation revealed reduced levels of tumor necrosis factor, interleukin-6, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha and C reactive protein in physically active individuals. Reduced insulin resistance among physically active individuals is more likely because of reduced adipose contents in their body which cuts down the reserve of inflammatory cell (Pischon et al., 2003). Pischon et al, found that increased physical activity is significantly associated with decreased risk of diabetes mellitus type 2 through a reduction in obesity related inflammation (2003). From the above evidence, it can be hypothesized that anti-inflammatory methods including drugs, diet and lifestyle modification is associated with the decreased risk of the development of diabetes type2, especially in the obese individuals. Its mechanism not only includes decreased inflammation, but also related to gene transcription. Therapy should be targeted to decrease the inflammatory load in the body to decrease the insulin resistance and promote a low-level of insulin in the blood. Through integration of anti-inflammatory regimen in the preventive measure of diabetes, world will be able to control the two pandemic that is, obesity and diabetes. Lifestyle modification like increased physical activity not only decreases adipose content, but it will also promote decreased systemic inflammation and subsequently, risk of chronic diseases like diabetes mellitus and coronary heart disease can be cut down. Medical professionals suggest obese people to do more physical activities because they help in fighting against chronic diseases, such as, diabetes, blood pressure, and heart problems. However, the current literature on obesity and related chronic problems lacks evidences on when and how long the anti-inflammatory therapy is needed to prevent the development of diabetes in an obese individual. Therefore, more clinical trials and research are needed to resolve this query. References Borboa, M. (2012). The Anti-inflammatory Diet: Eating Foods To Heal Your Body. Retrieved from http://www.sheknows.com/health-and-wellness/articles/803649/the-anti-inflammatory-diet-eating-foods-to-heal-your-body Chuengsamarn, S., Rattanamongkolgul, S., Phisalaphong, C., & Jirawatnotai, S. (2012). Curcumin extract for prevention of type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care, 36(1), 1-7. Sears, B., Ricordi, C. (2011). Anti-Inflammatory nutrition as a pharmacological approach to treat obesity. Journal of Obesity, 2011. Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20953366 Pischon, T., Hankinson, S. E., Hotamisligil, G. S., Rifai, N., & Rimm, E. B. (2003). Leisure-Time physical activity and reduced plasma levels of obesity-related inflammatory markers. Obesity Research, 11(9), 1055–1064.  Read More