Diet Plans in Nutrition Issues - Essay Example

Nutrition (Diet plans) affiliation Nutrition (Diet plans) Task The human digestive system is the structure that is used in the body of human beings for the digestion process. This system consists mainly of the digestive tract. This tract is a series of organs and structures by which liquids and foods pass in the course of their processing into forms that are absorbable in the blood stream. Besides, the digestive system comprises of the structures by which the waste passes through in the process of elimination and additional organs that contribute the juices needed for the process of digestion. The procedure of digestion begins in the oral cavity or the mouth. In the mouth, food is chewed and the process is called mastication or chewing process. Task 2 Mastication is the foremost stage of digestion, and it upsurges the surface area of foodstuffs to allow the more efficient breakdown of enzymes. Inside the oral cavity there are numerous accessory glands that help in the digestion of food, they are - the teeth, tongue, and salivary glands. The teeth are small and hard organs that are located along the anterior and lateral edges of the oral cavity and are 32 in number. They help in cutting and grinding the food into smaller pieces. The tongue is situated medial to the teeth and on the inferior portion of the oral cavity. It assists to push the food to the posterior part of the oral cavity for swallowing. Finally, the salivary glands are vital organs that produce saliva that is a watery secretion. There are three sets of salivary glands surrounding the oral cavity and the watery secretion they produce assists to moisturise the food and starts the digestion of carbohydrates (Gray 2004). Task 3 Chewing is an important step in the process of digestion and this process might be impaired if one does not chew properly or eats too quickly. Chewing or Mastication breaks up food into pieces that are more manageable and upsurges the surface area and also mixes with saliva. The saliva breaks down the carbohydrates present in the meal and the fats are broken down by lingual lipase. Therefore, if one consumes food hastily then he or she will have indigestion. In addition, apart from the enzymes present in the saliva, there are antibacterial agents like peroxidase, lysozyme, lactoferrin, immunoglobulin A, and a substance known as epidermal growth factor (EGF), which might assist to heal the inflamed intestinal tissues. And if someone had been swallowing without chewing and eating hastily then there is a reasonable chance of some inflammation to occur someplace in the gastrointestinal tract. Task 4 The oesophagus also known as the gullet or food pipe is an organ found in vertebrates that comprise of a fibromuscular tube where food passes, assisted by the peristaltic contractions, from the pharynx to the gastrointestinal. The oesophagus wall from the lumen outward comprises of the submucosa (connective tissue), mucosa, the outer layer of connective tissue, and the layers of muscle fibres in the middle of layers of fibrous tissue. In the oesophagus and oral cavity, stratified squamous epithelia occur as a non-keratinized or mucous type, intended for protection and lubrication in the course of swallowing and chewing. Task 5 Regular gastric reflux known as the Gastro-oesophageal reflux disease (GORD) is a usual ailment where the acid for the gastrointestinal leaks out of the gastrointestinal and it goes to the food pipe or oesophagus. When this happens symptoms are pain when swallowing, acid reflux, heartburn, and dysphagia (difficulty swallowing). The acid that leaks into the gullet from the stomach affects the lining of the oesophagus. It inflames and irritates the lining of the gullet and this condition is called esophagitis. In severe cases, ulcers can develop that cause pain and make swallowing hard, especially if the food pipe turn out to be narrowed (stricture) (Bredenoord et al. 2013). Task 6 The stomach has two significant layers that are the mucosa and the muscular layer. These two muscles are significant in the mechanical ingestion of food. The mucosa is full of pits and gastric glands, and also there exists a protruding layer of smooth muscle known as the muscularis mucosa. This muscle contraction assists to expel the gastric acid contents. Furthermore, the muscular layer or the muscularis externa layer consists of 3 layers of muscles. They include the external longitudinal layer, a middle circular, and an inner oblique layer. When this muscles contract, they assist to break down the food mechanically. The mucosa lining including both the mucosa and submucosa primarily comprise of the gastric acid that discharge digestive juices. The submucosa comprises of thick connective tissue that contain blood vessels, nerves, and the lymphatic vessels that run through it. The mucosa is assisted by the submucosa and permits it to move in a flexible manner in the course of peristalsis (Ermund et al. 2013). Task 7 Crohn’s disease is one of the inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) which has an impact on any portion of the gastrointestinal tract from the oral cavity to the anus. It normally affects the colon (the large intestine) and the ileum (lower small intestine). Inflammations like these might cause diarrhoea, abdominal pain, and additional symptoms comprising of weight loss and fever. In a situation where the Villi lining in the small intestine is damaged, then the process of absorption of nutrients will be tampered with. The villi are necessary as they ensure the nutrients that come from the food are directly absorbed into the blood stream. Therefore, an individual with a damaged villi is likely to turn out to be malnourished, no matter the amount of food he or she consumes (Glocker et al. 2009). Task 8 The primary function of fibre is to retain the digestive system healthily. Moreover, the main advantage of high fibre diets is that they improve the healthiness of the digestive system. The older one gets, the higher the need to consume a high fibre diet, therefore, Enid at her age, low fibre diets are not good for her health. Fibre is mostly found in vegetables, fruit, and cereals, comprising bread and flour. Low fibre diets cause constipation since they do not help in the absorption of water and they do not accelerate the movement of stool in the large intestine. According to Gray (2004), fibre safeguards one from colon cancer. Individuals who tend to eat more fibre are at a lower chance of getting colon cancer. However, in the case of Enid, who is a 65-year-old woman who consumes a diet that is low in fibre, the risk of colon cancer is very high. Besides, another reason she is at high risk of colon cancer is because she does smoke. Studies have indicated that smoking and also alcohol upsurge the risk for colon cancer. Task 9 The liver is an important organ that is situated in the upper right quadrant of the abdomen and underneath the diaphragm. It has numerous function, comprising of detoxification of numerous protein synthesis and metabolites, and the manufacture of biochemical that are required for digestion. Hepatocyte that are the epithelial cells of the liver carry bile from the right and left lobes of the liver. The hepatic portal vein transports blood to the liver tissue where the blood contents are distributed into lesser vessels and processed before they are passed on to other parts of the body. Kupffer cells act as the immunity cells and apart from that they repair the liver when damaged. The bile duct transports bile from the gall bladder and liver through the pancreas to the duodenum. Bile assists the liver to get rid of waste products. Lastly, the sinusoids serve as a position for the blood rich in nutrient from the portal vein and the oxygen-rich blood from the hepatic artery (Abdel-Misih & Bloomston 2010). Task 10 The pancreas is a long, flattened gland that is situated in the upper abdomen. However, it acts as two glands in one, a hormone-producing endocrine gland and a digestive exocrine gland. Operating as an exocrine gland, the pancreas excretes enzymes that are used to break down the nucleic acids in food, carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins. Operating as an endocrine, it secretes the hormone glucagon and insulin to control the sugar levels of blood all through the day. Task 11 A nutrient is a chemical element that comes from the foods we consume. The energy needed for metabolic processes in the body and for upholding a persistent internal environment originates from these nutrients. Macronutrients comprise of proteins, fats, and carbohydrates. They are termed this way since they are needed in large quantities to fuel the body. Besides, Micronutrients include vitamins and minerals. Contrasting from macronutrients, they are needed in very small quantities. Together, they are exceedingly vital for the normal functioning of the human body. The foremost function is to permit the numerous chemical reactions to happen in the body. However, micronutrients do not function for the endowment of energy Task 12 The best advice that the doctor would give is to advice Johnny parents and Johnny himself to avoid taking fizzy drinks, processed food, and fried food. Instead, they should concentrate on giving Johnny more vegetables and fruits since they are good sources of minerals, vitamins and fibre and are low in sodium, calories, fat, and cholesterol. Diet plan When suffering from obesity and fatty liver, there are a small number of things concerning diet that one should consider. Therefore, Johnny should, first of all, reduce weight that can be done by decreasing the energy intake by 500 – 1000 calories every day so as to attain a healthy body weight. Second is to control the carbohydrates, select high-fibre carbohydrates that have a low glycaemic index for favourable impacts on weight control and blood sugar. These carbohydrates can be found in yoghurt and milk, legumes, bread, cereals, pasta and rice, fruits, starchy vegetables like corn, peas, and potatoes. Thirdly increase fibre intake by consuming foods like nuts and seeds, whole grains, oatmeal, among others. Lastly choose oily fats like fish oil, avocados, olives, vegetable oil, among others and avoid or limit solid fats like the high-fat meals, ice cream, cheese, and shortening, among others. Task 13 Osteoporosis is a condition that makes the bones become brittle and weak. Moreover, high blood pressure affects the bones too. Nevertheless, weight-bearing exercises, healthy diet, and medications can assist to strengthen the weak bones and prevent bone loss. Diet plan To manage osteoporosis and hypertension in Doreen, it is good to help her with her diet. A diet that is rich in vitamin K, vitamin D, and calcium can assist to preserve her bones and make them strong. Adults over the age of 50 like Doreen should consume 1200 mg of calcium daily value (DV) and 800 to 1000 international units (IU) of vitamin D daily value. To acquire calcium, she should consume milk and low-fat dairy products. Vitamin k can be found from vegetable and fruits that assist to store more bone mass. Finally, vitamin D can be acquired from mushrooms, fish oils, among others and they should not be over-consumed (Levis & Lagari 2012). Task 14 Individuals with diabetes either cannot use the insulin resourcefully or have too little insulin (Type 2 Diabetes) or have a complete lack of insulin (Type 1 Diabetes). Type 1 diabetes might be caused by genes that run in your family or it may be caused by a virus that tells the immune system to attack the pancreas. Signs of type 1 diabetes are like rapid breathing, pain in the belly, confusion and shaking, and fruity smell of your breath, among others. Symptoms are blurred vision, nausea and vomiting, dry mouth, increased hunger, among others. Type 1 diabetes needs treatment so as to maintain the levels of sugar within a specific range. Treatment comprises of injecting yourself with insulin each and every day, eating healthy diets, and regular exercise or physical activity, among others. Moreover, type 2 diabetes has no cure, therefore, treatment aims to maintain the glucose level in your blood as normal as possible and to control the symptoms, so as to prevent any health complications emerging later in life (Diabetes & Clearinghouse 2005). Diet plan Being active and selecting healthy foods will assist in managing your body weight and the glucose level in blood. Therefore, it is essential to match the carbohydrates taken to the amount of insulin. Also in case you want to change the diet it is good to consult your doctor first. Consuming a balanced diet that consists of a variety of vegetables will assist to provide numerous nutrients that the body requires. Besides try foods that have unsaturated fats like oily fish, avocados, and nuts. THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM Reference list Abdel-Misih, S.R.Z. & Bloomston, M., 2010. Liver Anatomy. Surgical Clinics of North America, 90(4), pp.643–653. Bredenoord, A.J., Pandolfino, J.E. & Smout, A.J.P.M., 2013. Gastro-oesophageal reflux disease. Lancet, 381(9881), pp.1933–42. Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23477993. Diabetes, N. & Clearinghouse, I., 2005. Diabetes Overview. Diabetes, pp.1–16. Ermund, A. et al., 2013. Gastrointestinal mucus layers have different properties depending on location - 1. Studies of mucus in mouse stomach, small intestine, Peyer’s patches and colon. American journal of physiology. Gastrointestinal and liver physiology, 305(5), p.ajpgi.00046.2013–. Available at: http://ajpgi.physiology.org/content/early/2013/07/05/ajpgi.00046.2013.reprint. Glocker, E.-O. et al., 2009. Inflammatory bowel disease and mutations affecting the interleukin-10 receptor., Gray, S. H. (2004). The digestive system. Childs World. Levis, S. & Lagari, V.S., 2012. The role of diet in osteoporosis prevention and management. Current Osteoporosis Reports, 10(4), pp.296–302. Read More