Early Warning Systems for Building Disaster Resilience: Indian Ocean Tsunami 2004 - Case Study Example

A Case Study of the 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami Name Institution A Case Study of the 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami Table of Contents Introduction 4 Early warning system 4 Building resilience 5 Early warning and building resilience 6 Indian Ocean tsunami 8 Circumstances of the Indian Ocean tsunami 9 Causes of the earthquake 10 Effects of the Indian Ocean tsunami 12 The aftermath of the Indian Ocean tsunami 17 Successful Adaptations 18 Community resilience 19 Conclusion 20 References 22 List of figures Figure 1: The picture shows the epicenter of the Indian Ocean earthquake which resulted tsunami [Goo04] 10 Figure 2: Photograph of destroyed property and building (google.com) 13 Figure 3: People who died put in a mass grave 13 Figure 4: Map of the Indian Ocean coast before the earth quake and tsunami 15 Figure 5: Map of coast after the earthquake and tsunami 15 Figure 6: Property being swept away by the tsunami water waves 17 List of tables Table 1: Summary of deaths and displaced people as a result of Tsunami 14 Table 2: Economic impact of Tsunami - Data from International Disaster Database, Centre for Research on the Epidemiology of Disasters, University of Louvain (http://www.emdat.be). 16 Key words Disaster- come about as a result of natural and biological hazards like earthquake, floods or disease infections affecting people and the environment around them. Disaster management – the response to disasters in terms of services, systems and responses Early warning system- are used to provide effective and timely information that will enable people and the community to respond rightly when they have been hit by the disaster Earthquake- it is a sudden trembling r shaking of the earth as a result of sudden energies in the earth’s crust and can result to seismic waves Indian Ocean- third largest oceanic divisions in the south of Asia, east of Africa and west of Australia. Monitoring- to check for changes using equipment for observation Prediction – is a forecast of an happening that has not yet occurred Prepare- get ready Resilience- involves being able to become strong or successful or recovery to normal situation, size or shape after some effects like stress, harzards. Survivor – a person who as overcome a disaster or crisis Tsunami- as a series of waves of the ocean that are as a result of sudden displacement s of the sea floor as a result of landside volcanic activity or earthquakes Introduction Early warning system Throughout history disasters have led to destruction of livelihoods ad lives of many, it has killed many people, damages property homes and businesses. Disaster come about as a result of natural and biological hazards like earthquake, floods or disease infections as well as complex hazards like drought or radioactivity leaks can cause industrial hazards. The extent of the damage that can be caused by an hazard can be severe and the extent is also dependent on the capability of people or the disaster prone area are prepared for it and how they are prepared to resist it. Efforts to rest and reduce such disasters depend on the forecast and preparedness from the early warnings. Therefore developing early warning systems is important in being able to plan and be aware of the problems (National Research Council, 2011). Early warning systems are used to provide effective and timely information that will enable people and the community to respond rightly when they have been hit by the disaster. It is a combination of processes and tools which are embedded within structures of institutions which are mostly coordinated by national or international agencies (Chandra, 2011). The systems are composed of four major elements; the knowledge of the risk, the technical monitoring aspect with warning service, dissemination or giving out of meaningful warning to the people at risk and then creating awareness and preparedness of the people on how they should act during the disaster. The core of the system are warning services and well these service work or operate will depend on the best of and effective scientific prediction and forecasting and the capability of the system to run throughout (Aldrich, 2012). Scientific inventions have led to development of technologies which are driven in improving the timeliness, quality and lead time of warning on hazard occurrence and the way the integrated observation network operates. Through these advanced technologies sometime causes obstacles to the vulnerable population to respond appropriately (Maggie. 2005). Building resilience Building resilience is being able to bounce back to normality after an adversity as occurred, it also involves working through the challenges that are experienced during a disaster in order to overcome obstacles. Resilience in itself involves being able to adapt to a misfortune or setbacks of someone’s life. When Person have resilience, he or she is able to harness all his or her inner strength. This strength help rebound a person from a challenge or setback. When disasters happen resilience helps people get over the trauma of the stress and tension involved in addressing to emergence responses and procedures (Chandra, 2011). The build resilience will not itself solve the problem but give a person the ability to see the happenings or disaster as the past and then find enjoyments in life which will better handle the stress. The person is in this state able to keep functioning even when faced or experiencing anger, pain or grief as a result of an adversity or trauma which struck. It addresses both the functioning of individuals in psychological or physical. Being able to stand up and reach out to others through support or call for support from others is key to building resilience in an individual (Thevenaz, 2005). Psychological resilience offers protection from many conditions involving mental health like anxiety and depression. It helps protect the offsetting factors which increase the risk of such mental conditions from happening like lack of social support, or being bound by a previous trauma. With resilience, the mental health conditions which exist can be cope with. Building a strong and positive relationship with the friends and loved ones by providing them with moral support which is needed is a step to building resilience. Accepting the purpose of life and interdependence of people with experience also to cope with hardship is also core in development of resilience. People therefore should remain hopeful and care of themselves and others not ignoring feelings and needs (Aldrich, 2012). Early warning and building resilience Knowledge about occurrence of a disaster help very much when preparing and addressing the disaster as it comes by. Efforts for risk management call for resilience. So comprehensive systems for early warning should be developed throughout by offering education on preparedness and rapid response practices for any natural or human disaster as they happen. The efforts includes rapid recovery from the natural disaster which is the basis of resilience and taking initiatives to generate effective emergency warning systems which will integrate the risk knowledge of being able to systematically collect data about the possible disaster and them undertake risk assessments to establish the extent of the forecasted disaster (Murty, 2005). Monitoring and prediction of developing hazards and early warning services include technology equipment which will measure and monitor occurrence and development of a disaster. This way the people will be able to know the time of the disaster strikes and therefore will be able to come into terms and respond and accept the situations as they come by with resilience. Therefore the information about a disaster monitored and predicted should be frequently disseminated to the risk area resident or the affected location so that they are aware. The way they should respond to the danger should come in handy with the emergency warning servings through training and building the national and community capacity to respond effectively when the warnings are received (Chandra, 2011). When individuals have information about a disaster prior to the occurrence, they are able to be more resilient and be able to develop their knowledge and skills and this way they are able to improve their areas of weaknesses. This is through the emergency warning systems and services. Disaster risk reduction and resilience is the central consideration in the development agenda across the world for a sustainable developmental achievement. Good practices which focus on multi-hazard occurrences need early warning systems which will result in a developing resilience in governance mechanisms, specific history , social-economic conditions, culture, institutional structures, capacity building and resource sustainability of the system that are being developed to address hazards once they happen. Early warning systems form therefore a major element in disaster risk reduction and it involves the community people through a strong public education and awareness of risks. This system ensures constant preparedness for the risks that are prone to those areas (Murty, 2005). Community based early warning systems also suggest that people through the system are capable and able to protect themselves with instead of being vulnerable. They should develop resilience aimed at integrating the risk reduction into sustainable development goals and ensuring teat mechanisms and capacities are build based on resilience to hazards (Chandra, 2011). Indian Ocean tsunami A tsunami is defined as a series of waves of the ocean that are as a result of sudden displacement s of the sea floor as a result of landside volcanic activity or earthquakes. The occurrence of such disaster is natural and cannot be prevented and therefore the extent of the impacts of it is dependent on the way the community is prepared, timely warnings and creation of an effective response once hit. Tsunamis in the Indian Ocean are not very common compared to the pacific Ocean which is by statistics experiencing about eight tsunamis per year whereas Indian oceans barely experiences one tsunami in there years or so (Dragan et. al. 2006). The highest percentage of tsunamis in the Indian Ocean originated at Sunda arc which is along the java and sutra islands. Tsunamis presented include about 70 from Sunda arc and 20 from the rest of Indian Ocean (nio.org). The tsunamis are mostly caused by thrust type subduction zone earthquakes which repeats n every two centuries and with an approximation of a magnitude of 8.5 for large earthquakes and few decades for smaller tsunami genic earthquakes (Nalbant, et. al., 2005). The thrust type earthquakes that can cause a tsunami occur along the subduction zone. They in turn cause a vertical movement of the Ocean floor resulting to a tsunami. The thrust happen for instance along the Sunda arc and then jump westward and upwards raising the overlying ocean to create a “hill” of water which will overlie the rapture. The downward flow of water in to the Ocean triggers a series of broad waves on the Ocean which transverse and extend through the coast to the regions along the coastline towards the landside (McNeil et al. 2005). Circumstances of the Indian Ocean tsunami The Indian Ocean tsunami was triggered by a powerful earthquake which existed in 40 years. The last of the greatest one similar tsunami occurs in 1883 in the Indian Ocean. Some of the tsunami reach as far as 3000 miles from the epicenter of the earthquake and with magnitude of the quake at 9.0. It occurred about 160 kilometers or 100miles off the Indonesian coast at Sumatra Island with a depth of 10 kilometers an equivalent of 6.2 miles. The death toll from this disaster was approximated to be more than 150,000 and a lot of damages associated with the tsunami (MHA). On December 26th of 2004 a massive earthquake occurred under the Indian Ocean off the Indonesian coast with a magnitude of 9.0 which created a series of tsunami through the Indian Ocean basin for several hours. This effects over the years after the occurrence are still impacting as a result of the devastating nature of the disaster. This has made the world more aware of the dangers of thee tsunamis and development early warning and alert systems a swell us bettering ways of preparedness to disaster and relief programs. Figure 1: The picture shows the epicenter of the Indian Ocean earthquake which resulted tsunami [Goo04] The earthquake which was most referred to as the Sumatra-Andaman island earthquake killed over 227,898 people which became the largest toll of death in history. It originated from the west coast of Indonesian island of Sumatra and the violent movement of sections of the crust of the earth known as tectonic plates were displaces largely by the water which led to sending of powerful shock waves in every direction (Rao, et al 1970). Causes of the earthquake Earth quakes come as a result of sliding on the portions of the earth’s crust know as India plates. This process of shifting occurs over millenniums by one plate pushing against another until they break and take a large displacement. As captured by USGS, the estimate of the rupture was at 6000 miles an approximate distance of 1000 kilometers and sis places the seafloor. This rupture was a devastating disaster since it happened in the region where the Eurasian an Australian plates are located. The two plates shift caused the large earthquake which triggered the tsunami which hit Indonesia and its environs. Scientists also researched and concluded that another alternate cause of the tsunami was a “moon and rain could mean quake” which described that the full moon precipitation increased which lead to an earthquake (Moon and rain could mean quakes. 2006.) How it happened In the case of the Indian Ocean tsunami, the bottom of ocean shifted displacing the sea water in the lake basin. This made more water to start moving and as a result a rupture of 400miles long led to a massive shift of the region of the ocean bottom. The waves which resulted them travelled outwards like a displacement caused by throwing a rock into the water. Most of such effect occur in the Pacific Ocean because there is a ring of fire that rim the ocean basin along him seismic active spots of the earth. The waves from the tsunami oppose the direction of the seismic disturbance (Wilson, 2005). The case of the quake at Sumatra, the seismic fault ram to south from the north under the ocean floor. Most of the tsunami waves travel mainly east and west (Reddy et al., 2004). The Indian Ocean tsunami was unlike may natural disasters because one natural occurrence triggered another. This led to a massive hit of two catastrophes at the same time to the people of Indonesian and other thirteen countries. This led to tremendous and devastating aftershock effects (Stein, 2004). The tsunamis are different from surfing in the coast by the extent in which they move, their width and speed of travel. A single tsunami can be 100miloes long travelling across the ocean at a speed of 600mph. on arrival to the coast it slows drastically but its height rises since the volumes of water pile up in the coastal bays which are normally shallow. The unusual wavelength and speed of the tsunami allow then be identified by nature of following long waves in the ocean. The massive Sunday earthquake was recorded by the seismic networks but there were no wave sensors in the Indian Ocean region hence no means of determining the existence and direction of travel of the tsunami. Therefore no early warnings were issued to the people. The Indonesian people received the wave quickly since it was close to the epicenter. Effects of the Indian Ocean tsunami The Indian Ocean tsunami led to an adverse effect to the people living in the fourteen countries hit. Many countries suffered social (human) consequences, environmental and economic impacts of the tsunami. It generally leas to a worldwide humanitarian aid effort of helping the people affected by the disaster. Human consequences Many people dies during the natural disaster and survey from the United States geological survey put the number of causalities from the tsunami and earthquake at 227,898. Most of this people were reported missing. Other people lost property. Houses were destroyed with vehicles and other property. Farming was also affected as the farm lands were swept by the waters as well as villages and homes. Countries that were affected by the disaster lost many important public assets like buildings, service and systems for factories and offices and skilled labor who died (National Research Council USA) Figure 2: Photograph of destroyed property and building (google.com) [Goo04] Figure 3: People who died put in a mass grave [Goo04] In the affected countries people lost lives and were recorded people as death or missing and others displaces as summarized in the table below Country Deaths displaced India 16389 654512 Indonesia 165708 532898 Malaysia 80 5083 Maldives 102 27214 Myanmar 71 15700 Sri Lanka 35399 1019306 Thailand 8345 67007 Somalia 298 1050083 Total 226392 2426803 Table 1: Summary of deaths and displaced people as a result of Tsunami [Sam04] Environmental impact The greatest environmental impact of the tsunami and earthquake was the effect on the ecosystem. The ecosystem was damaged larges for instant the coral reef and coastal areas, plants and animals. The natural environmental features on the other side helped to protect he countries form moving further inland like the dunes and forest vegetation with subsided the strong waves towards the land. The environment was also affected through pollution from storage facilities were chemicals, sewages and hazardous materials were destroyed. This in turn contaminated the drinking water and the aquatic life (Falt, 2005). The tsunami also affected the countries’ boundary which are at the coast of the Indian Ocean, there were significant erosion and destruction of coastline with certain areas “targeted” with higher impact than others. Figure 4: Map of the Indian Ocean coast before the earth quake and tsunami [Sam04] Figure 5: Map of coast after the earthquake and tsunami [Sam04] Economic impact The marine fishing was and important local economy contribute in countries like Malaysia and Indonesia. After the 2004 tsunami, the industry declines due to the loss of many fish in the local waters, the fishing vessels were also damaged during the flow of strong tides in the sea. People also stated to worry and be scares of the Ocean conditions and safety and as a result quite fishing for other activities. This led to a significant impact in the economy of Thailand as the area also provided tourism activities who drastically reducing affecting the tourism sector. The contamination of water and soil also continued to pose economic problems in the agricultural sector of the countries who faced the tsunami disaster (Sen, 2005). country Economic impact- $US-Million India 1023 Indonesia 4452 Malaysia 500 Maldives 470 Myanmar 500 Sri Lanka 1317 Thailand 1,690 Somalia 100 Total 9362 Table 2: Economic impact of Tsunami - Data from International Disaster Database, Centre for Research on the Epidemiology of Disasters, University of Louvain (http://www.emdat.be). The transport and communication infrastructure suffered major damages especially in the states of Tamil Nadu, Kerala and Pondicherry. In Kerala, the back waters were the important means of transport it was affected form the large sand deposits resulting to reduction in the backward waters which in turn effect the ferry movement. About 60 kilometers of major district roads and village road son the coastline were also badly damaged. The scouring washed the roads and eroded the top pavement layers. The debris and sand deposits also blocked the roads. Ports were damaged (tidco.com). Figure 6: Property being swept away by the tsunami water waves [Goo04] Countries took many years to recover from the economic, social and environmental effects as a result of the Indian Ocean tsunami. The experience helped to reduce the impacts that can be associated from any future related disaster since best systems had been adapted for early warning and risk management strategies (Wilson, 2005). The aftermath of the Indian Ocean tsunami The northern Sumatra experienced more damages as a result of the earthquake and tsunami. Most of this damages were as a result of the tsunami which had struck the region of Aceh and less in the northern provinces of Sumatra. The coastline was destroyed and many towns and villages with structures destroyed (ens-newswire.com). Relief towards the affected area prone to the disaster as the accessibility by roads was a challenge. The aid agencies found it had to bring relief aid to the people and to relocate the people as the many towns into the west coast were cut off from any form of transport, road air and rail (Macquarie University). Helicopters and boats were used therefore for the relief effort which was not sufficient and as a result the response time was affected considerably by the accessibility issue (Thevenaz, 2010). The estimation process for the causalities also as stated by the Indonesian government. This is because the high scale of devastation which extended to fourteen countries and the breakdown of the civil governance. The causalities were counted to give an estimate figure of the deaths. The survivors were as counted and the missing people were regarded to have died in the process. Governance experienced a blow by the deaths of many provincial legislators and government workers (Nidhiprabha, 2007). During the response efforts, Indonesia received relief the last though it was first hit and more affected. Tis caused many of the residents to be traumatized by the experience. During the rescue and response efforts man of the troops dispatched for assistance in search for survivors also died. Lack of adequate resources for the rescue plan was experienced in the due process (Dragani et. al. 2006). Corpses lay all over the countryside’s and towns which became a problem to identify them. There was also a challenge of outbreak of diseases like diphtheria and cholera which prompted the emergency works to big mass graves to dispose the bodies and reduce the threat with emergency. Successful Adaptations Following the Indian Ocean tsunami the development of a warning and mitigation system was initiated at the world conference for disaster reduction in 2005 which was under the control of United Nations. After the disaster, there were development of disaster preparedness and management based on the disaster risk management and early warning. In Sri Lanka for instance, the disaster Management Act significantly changed the legal environment on disaster risk management and control. Warning mechanisms also require local, community and NGO representation in formulating and implementation of national policies for sustainable risk management. After the December 2004 incident, the Mangrove for the future initiative was established to address the challenges that are posed by the climate change in the Indian Ocean (Falt, 2005). It combined the disaster adaptation and reduction programs and it targeted the worst affected countries that is India, Indonesia, Seychelles, Maldives Thailand and Sri Lanka in the recovery process from the tsunami. The project emphasized on the natural barriers protection to extreme weather events and the rehabilitation of the destroyed coastal areas (Murty, 2005.). Community resilience Major characteristic of the earthquake and tsunami of Indian Ocean was that little or no warning was given about it. Only those in Indonesia heard of the bending disaster between the earthquake and the tsunami. The Indian Ocean lacked the tsunami warning systems for early warning and so it found people less resilient and prepared for its occurrence which is the reason why many people died in the event. The common tsunamis also occurs in the Pacific Ocean so little was expected in the Indian Ocean with a small magnitude. Generally the tsunami disasters are hard also to interpret with proper warning systems. It’s just depicted as an earthquake which extends to the Ocean to cause a massive wave on the sea or Ocean water (Aldrich, 2012). In the initiated recovery procedures and efforts restorations and empowerment of people who were affected by the disaster was done to restore and rebuild the community which is more resilient to future hazards. The recovery efforts also provided a unique opportunity to check the predicate vulnerabilities and develop ways of building a more flexible diverse ad robust economy (Murty, et al., 1991). This is achieved by strengthening the social resilience of the countries and communities at the coast. The process of building resilience in India involved the schools were safety of the school learning was made. The core was to give out risk reduction education both in structured and non-structured programs. The studies and education involved analysis of the coastal hazard in India, conceptual framework school safety in the Indian context. Climate change adaptation was also targeted to the local government planners and was based on how to address to climate changes to avoid or reduce the risks associated with it (Stockholm Environment). Community based coastal zone management targeted the local government and non-governmental organization which talked on issues that will result to sustainable coastal management. The studies also included risk management of floods (Paul, 2009). A case study on the early warning system in Asia on the economies of Korea, Thailand Malaysia and Indonesian was predicted in1997 values were devalued as a result. The 2004 tsunami made the people and government of Thailand to be more resilient on future disasters. As a result a 2012 Indian Ocean earthquake was well address by championing is disaster risk reduction. Although people panicked but evacuation was made in time and no causalities were recorded or major damage of property (ADB, 2005). Conclusion The Indian Ocean tsunami of was unavoidable which led to loss many lives and property. People were not prepared and thus their resilience was not properly developed and as such the adverse hazard which shock the fourteen countries. This led to development of early warning systems which in the long run proved to be helpful in reducing the risks associated with the tsunamis and other natural disasters. Climate change adaptation was also targeted to the local government planners and was based on how to address to climate changes to avoid or reduce the risks associated with it. The developed mangrove project after the disaster emphasized on the natural barriers protection to extreme weather events and the rehabilitation of the destroyed coastal areas. Early warning systems are used to provide effective and timely information that will enable people and the community to respond rightly when they have been hit by the disaster. For the countries that are disaster prone like Indonesia, there is need for setting up institutional mechanism for building resilience and set aside a central disaster management fund for a swift process in rescue and initial rehabilitation process after disasters References Aldrich, D. P. (2012). Building resilience: Social capital in post-disaster recovery. Asian Development Bank Institute. Available at: http://www.adbi.org/discussion-paper/discussion-paper/2007/08/022344.thailand.tsunami adjustment.recovery/ (accessed 12 December 2007). Chandra, A. (2011). 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