Mechanism and Principle of Generator Working - Essay Example

?Generators CONTENTS Number Topic Pages Introduction 2 Mechanism and Principle Of Working 2-3 3 Types Of Generators 4 4 Cogeneration 5 5 Generator Criterion of Selection 6 Bibliography 7 1. Introduction The consumption of electricity is an element of necessity in modern life style. Every single electronic, electromechanical and electrical device is operated through electricity. However the generation of electricity is an important hallmark in the history of machine development. Michael Faraday constructed the first recognized sample of it which is known as Faraday disk, where he proved that there is a possibility that rotary mechanical energy can be converted into electrical energy, since then the discovery and development in the area of electric generators began. The working of Electricity generators is based on the principle of electromagnetic induction. The principle can be illustrated as induction of flow of electrons by a moving conductor in a field influenced by magnet. This it is a simple principle that leads to major achievements in the spectrum of development and growth of industries. It is the principle that Faraday succeeded to prove that a rotary mechanical motion can induce or generate electricity. Devices that produce electricity with the help of mechanical motion are termed as electric generators. The mechanical motion can be assisted in many ways it can be pressurized water moving water wheel, steam engine, wind turbine, and internal combustion engine etc but the basic principle is same in all the cases. With the evolution of electric generators and electrical field, many areas of human life are optimized in best manner; anything can be powered anytime with utmost customization potential. The reverse process of converting electrical energy into mechanical energy is achieved through motors that have similar components as in electric generators. Mechanism and Principle of Working All elements are composed of atoms. All atoms possess negative charges called electrons. In metals these electrons are in more mobile state. So a metallic crystal has pool of electron charges in it. The same metal when drawn into wires as in the case of copper, it forms electron passage in itself. If a free electron travels through this electron passage it faces less resistance but high value of conductance. If the same metallic wire is placed around a magnetic field and the magnetic field is subjected to motional variation then some amount of voltage appear across the wire that causes the electric charges to flow through the passage. The faster the field is subjected to change the higher the voltage produced and higher the charges flow. This means a moving magnetic field drives the electrons present in the metallic wire. However there is a requirement that the circuit of the wire remains closed if incase the circuit is open the motion of magnetic field will not affect the charges and charges will remain static. This simply means that a moving magnetic field can induce current in a closed circuit, and this is the basic principle of physics that is discussed earlier as electromagnetic induction. In the case of generators there is not a single wire but there are bunch of wires all connected in series with each other so that the total potential difference induced in a generator is the sum of all potential differences induced in each single wire and so on. It actually explains that if there are thousand windings this means the magnitude of potential difference of a generator is thousand times than that of a single wire in that varying magnetic field. The above discussed mechanism is of popular and known generators, which are based on electromagnetic induction, however before that there were generators that deliver electric charges but they work on the principle of electrostatic induction, but since the magnitude of such electrostatic generators were minimal and ineffective therefore the usage of such generators are now obsolete. Electrostatic induction is about generating static charge in a conductor by bringing it closer to a charged conductor. However due to the nature of dielectric medium in between the conductors and the geometry of conductors itself the magnitude of charge induction vary from situation to situation. The first industrial application of electric generators appeared in the form of a generator called “dynamo”. The “dynamo” used the same principle of electromagnetic induction for the purpose of delivering electrical energy in the form of direct current through the commutator. In electrical perspective there are only two major parts of generator that are armature and the magnetic field. The armature is a metallic winding on soft iron core, and it is actually armature where electric current is induced. The magnetic field is an essential part of the generators; this field is produced by a permanent magnet or an electromagnet. In mechanical point of view the generators are divided into two parts that are stator and rotor. Stator is the static part of generator, and rotor is the rotating part. However it should be noted that both armature and magnetic field can be a stator or rotor means that if stator is armature then rotor is magnetic field but if stator is magnetic field then rotor is armature. 2. Types Of Generators Generators can be classified in to various categories on various reasons. If the generator is viewed for the type of electrical output it produces, then generators are classified as D.C (Direct Current) and A.C (Alternating current) generators. “Dynamo” generators are those generators that fall in the category of D.C generators. However usually in industries and common households A.C generators are needed since most of the electrical appliances operate on A.C rather than D.C. In perspective of the type of fuel provided for internal combustion generators, generators can be classified as diesel, natural gas, and LPG generators. There can be even more categories in fuel type classification of generators. As far as their usage is concerned, generators appear in three main purposes that are portable generators, home standby generators and generators for industrial and commercial use. In industries generators are used in varying purposes and with highly varying capacities depending upon the need of that specific industry. As far as the models of generators are concerned every organization that manufactures generators has its own specific series of different models of generators. Caterpillar, Jenbacher, Cummins are some of the manufacturers of industrial generators. Generators can also be classified on the basis of their production capacity, 1000 KWe, 1500 KWe and 2000 KWe generators are mainly used in industries. Moreover generators can also be classified on the basis of the rotor r.p.m (rotation per minute). Normally the r.p.m of generators is about 1500 to 3000 for different purposes. 3. Cogeneration Electric Generators operated by internal combustion engines can be used for dual purposes. A part from the outlook of delivering merely electrical energy these generators can be used for the purpose of cogeneration. Cogeneration means that with the generation of electrical energy there must be simultaneous generation of useful heat that might be used in some other industrial applications. All power plants and electric generators emit heat during the process of generation, this heat is usually wasted in the environment and it also leaves a negative impact on environment. However through cogeneration the heat can be utilized in an industrial process and the negative effect can be rightfully used in a productive dimension. It means that through the concept of cogeneration waste can be utilized simultaneously saving the expenses for extra fuel in additional industrial process and further the problem of disposing the waste heat through generators is also resolved effectively. Industries save huge expenses every month through the application of cogeneration and this how they make extra profit and the productivity of their processes also increases. The objective of cogeneration can be any industrial process coupled the purpose of power generation. The boilers are fed with desired heat through cogeneration produced by electrical generators. The boilers require heat for the purpose of making steam that is used in different industrial applications and this heat is supplied through the waste heat recovery of generators, this is the advantage of cogeneration. Similarly any other industrial equipment that requires heat to operate can be fed through cogeneration. 4. Criterion of Selection The criterions for selection of generators start from defining the need of generators. If generators are needed all the time then prime power generators are there, if generators are needed for occasional purposes or for backup purposes then in such cases there are stand by generators. The ratings of generators are identified as KVA (kilo volt ampere) and KW (kilo watt). Therefore the requirement should be assessed accordingly to identify the desired rating needed. Moreover there is a power factor associated with each type of generator; normally it is 0.8 for three phase generators. The type of fuel that is more feasible in terms of availability and expense should be assessed and then similar fuel consuming generator should be searched out. Moreover maintenance of generators is also a vital issue that must be considered before selecting or acquiring a generator. The value of r.p.m should also be considered before the procurement of a generator, it is because generators having higher values of r.p.m will result in more noise. If noise is meant to be controlled then it must be ensured that the value of r.p.m is feasible enough that it may not cause noise fatigue and headache. If the generator has to be kept in an isolated area then generators having higher r.p.m can also be used and optimized for greater productivity. It should be make sure that generators must have safety shutdown system or emergency control system countering any mishap during operation. Sometime there is over running of crank shaft that actually endanger the generator and surrounding area, in such cases or other emergency cases generator must be directly switched off and the operation must be halted so to prevent any potential accident. Bibliography Boldea, I. The electric generators handbook: Synchronous generators. n.d. Chastain, Steve. Generators and Inverters. 2006. Ganapathy, V. Industrial boilers and heat recovery steam generators. 2003. I. Boldea, S.A. Nasar. The induction machine handbook. CRC Press, 2002. Vickers, Herbert. The induction motor. Pitman, 1953. Originality and Plagiarism CONTENTS Number Topic Pages 1 Originality and Plagiarism 1 Bibliography 2 Originality and Plagiarism Plagiarism is often confused with terms like replication of some text or using some one’s idea; however the severity of plagiarism is not that similar as discussed. Plagiarism is a fraudulent crime, it means to convey some idea or research or text as if it belongs to the person who is conveying the idea, but in reality that belongs to some other source. After the concept of intellectual property rights and adequate legislation in this regard, the idea, or research is also considered as intellectual property therefore any theft in this perspective is called plagiarism. On the other side originality is just opposite to plagiarism. If there is need to utilize some idea or research in some literary work the concept of originality illustrates that the sources must be properly cited along with the permission of the authoritative sources. Normally the ideas can be used in quotation pointing out the source to make the paper more relevant, and productive. A serious traceable plagiarism is just replication of text from a source which must be avoided or if necessary then it must be exactly quoted in inverted commas mentioning the source directly, another way of dealing with this is to rephrase the text in own words with identifying the source in the bibliography, this how the paper can be made more trustworthy, and originality of the text can be restored. Bibliography Caroline Eisner, Martha Vicinus. Originality, imitation, and plagiarism. University of Michigan , 2008. Lindey, Alexander. Plagiarism and originality. n.d. Process to Develop Research Question CONTENTS Number Topic Pages 1 Process to develop research question 1 Bibliography 2 Process To Develop Research Question Research question is the backbone of a research initialization. Research Question methodology for development first begins with the identification of the topic area where the questioner wants to acquire a research. Now the topic’s former discovered areas should be analyzed properly and assessment of undiscovered areas should be made. The undiscovered areas will facilitate the researcher to develop several research queries. The selection of the research query depends upon the need of the questioner, time constraint, human constraint, and complexity of the query itself. If the query itself is so complex and involve deep and extensive areas to research then it would be impossible to handle it with limited resources. If resources are well enough then even such complex queries can be handled. Therefore a proper development of the research question involves an intensive analysis of the query complication against the resources. If there is feasibility between the resources and the query complication then a research question can be developed and research can be initialized for the research query. Bibliography Andrews, Richard. Research questions. 2003. White, Patrick. Developing research questions. n.d. Description And Analysis CONTENTS Number Topic Pages 1 Description and Analysis 1 Bibliography 2 Description and Analysis Description is the collection of facts presented without any concern to the assessment of the facts. On the other hand analysis is beyond description, analysis does not focus on listing of facts rather it involves the study of facts. Analysis can determine the severity of an incident, or assessing the outcomes of an operation that works on certain parameters. The listing of parameters in such operation is actually the description while studying the outcomes is to be called as analysis. Description is collection of facts therefore there must be no flexibility in the collection of facts whereas analysis can vary from person to person and from organization to organization. Since analysis is the process of investigation and assessment therefore there is flexibility in it, the analysis of an expert analyst is significantly more realistic than analysis made by a beginner analyst in any field. It is because of the previous information of expert that helps him to provide reviews more realistic and true. On the other hand describing an operation’s parameters and noting down the observations might not vary; a beginner can also list the parameters on simple observation. Bibliography John B. Hough, James K. Duncan. Teaching: description and analysis. n.d. Willems, Harco. Description and analysis. n.d. Read More