StudentShare
Contact Us
Sign In / Sign Up for FREE
Search
Go to advanced search...
Free

Negative feedback mechanisms - Essay Example

Cite this document
Summary
What are the negative feedback mechanisms and why are they important to health.Answer: The negative feedback mechanisms of a living organism are the mechanisms that reduce or suppress the original stimulus, given the effector’s output…
Download full paper File format: .doc, available for editing
GRAB THE BEST PAPER94.1% of users find it useful
Negative feedback mechanisms
Read Text Preview

Extract of sample "Negative feedback mechanisms"

Running Head: ASSESSMENT ITEM 2 Assessment Item 2 Question # 1.What are the negative feedback mechanisms and why are they important to health. Answer: The negative feedback mechanisms of a living organism are the mechanisms that reduce or suppress the original stimulus, given the effector's output. Thermoregulation, osmoregulation and glucoregulation are few examples of negative feedback mechanisms. The importance of negative feed back mechanisms is that they provide a negative feedback loop to keep conditions of a living organism within tolerable limits and to prevent it from a sudden severe changes.Negative feedback decreases the deviation from an ideal normal value, and is important in maintaining homeostasis. Most endocrine glands are under the control of negative feedback mechanisms (Scanlon & Sanders, 2003, pp. 8-11). Question # 2.i Explain what happens when an ATOM becomes an ION. Answer: Generally an atom has a neutral status due to the fact that the number of protons in the nucleolus are equal to the number of electrons revolving around that atom's nucleus. Nevertheless some times it happens that due to some external factors an atom or a group of atoms undergoes either an efficiency or deficiency of one or more electrons hence a positive or negative charge appears on an atom. This positive or negative charge caring entity is termed as an ion. ii: Name two cations and two anions found in body fluids. Give the correct notation and name for each ion. Answer: The most commonly found cations and anions found in a body fluid like blood and urine are Na+ (Sodium ions) and K+ (Potassium ions) and Cl (Chloride) and SO4 (Sulphate ions) (Wan, Kub, Tanyanyiwa, Rainelli & Hauser, 2004, pp. 11-16). iii. Briefly explain the function of potassium ions in the body. Answer: The major portion (about 70%) of positive ions in a cell is made up of potassium ions. The remaining portion of positive ions is comprised of sodium, calcium, magnesium, argenine and other miscellaneous ions, primarily charges on the amino acids of the proteins. The primary function of potassium ions is to regulate the osmotic pressure. Except this potassium ions are indirectly involved with regulation of the acid - base balance. They also work as a counter flow for sodium's function in nerve transmission in a nerve net work and as an activator for several enzyme systems (Weber, 2007, para. 1-14). Question # 3.i. Briefly describe the three ways by which the bacterial infections are transmission. Answer: Bacteria are microorganisms that live everywhere in our environment. Like many other microorganisms, most of bacteria are pathogenic and are likely to cause disease. Given the right circumstances, they cause infection, such as when transmitted to an immunocompromised host. Bacterial infections are transmitted by following three ways (Introduction to Infection Prevention, n. d., pp. 6-7). 1. When the bacteria come in contact with bare skin. 2. When the bacteria come in contact with mucous membranes or no intact skin, 3. When the bacteria come in contact with normally sterile body sites ii. How could shaking out soiled bed-linen increase transmission of infectious diseases within a ward Answer: There have been few recent studies demonstrating a definitive association between the transmissions of infections diseases due to shaking out soiled bed-linen and the ventilation of buildings. There is strong and sufficient evidence to demonstrate the association between ventilation, air movements in buildings and the transmission/spread of infectious diseases such as measles, tuberculosis, chickenpox, influenza, smallpox and SARS. The transmission of infectious diseases occur due to fact that there a number of microorganism that can survive can multiply in within poor indoor air quality. Question # 4: Some bacteria produce bacterial endospores. Why does this makes infection control more difficult Answer: Among other microorganisms like viruses, fungi and parasites, bacteria are also major causative agents of infection. For infection prevention purposes, bacteria can be further classified into three categories: vegetative (e.g., staphylococcus), mycobacteria (e.g., tuberculosis) and endospores (e.g., tetanus). Among these three types of infectious gents, endospores are very difficult to kill due to their protective coating Prions are a good example of endospores, which are protein-containing infectious agents present in brain, spinal column and eye tissue of patients with Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, are even harder to kill (Introduction to Infection Prevention, n. d., pp. 6-7). Question #5: Viruses are obligatory infra-cellular pathogens that use the host cell's machinery to replicate. Explain why this makes developing anti-viral drugs difficult Answer: A virus is a small infectious organism-much smaller than a fungus or bacterium. The most important thing about a virus is that it reproduces or replicates inside a cell. To replicate virus enters in a cell and releases it's replicating information in the form of DNA or RNA and forces the cell's to replicate the virus. This invasion of virus destroys the cell and the infected cell releases new viruses, which go on to infect other cells. Generally viral infections may be diagnosed based on symptoms various drugs called antiviral drugs that can combat viral infections are used as remedial measures. Mostly the antiviral drugs are used to enhance the immune system against the viral attack while few drugs work to counter the replication of virus. Since viruses are micro organisms having very tiny size and only replicate inside cells using the cells' own metabolic functions hence there are only a limited number of metabolic functions that antiviral drugs can target compared to bacteria with large size and commonly reproduce by themselves outside of cells, and have many metabolic functions that antibacterial drugs (antibiotics) can target. Therefore, antiviral drugs are much more difficult to develop than antibacterial drugs. Antiviral drugs can be toxic to human cells. Viruses can develop resistance to antiviral drugs (Urban, 2007, para. 1-7). Question #6: Mr. G has been diagnosed with prostate cancer. How could radioisotopes are used to care the cancer What precautions would nurses need to take during this treatment Answer: Since Mr. G has post cancer state hence radiotherapy can be used to destroy the genetic material in cancer cells thus rendering them incapable of further growth. There are a number of ways by which radiotherapy can be administered to cure cancer cells including the use of radioisotopes (such as strontium89).In radio-isotopic treatment of post cancer cells, a source of radioactivity is placed in or near the cancer cells thereby administering a high dose of radiation to the cancer cells while minimizing radiation exposure in the surrounding healthy tissues. Brachytherapy is an example of radio-isotopic treatment of prostate cancer cell and generally used for treating cancer of the tongue, uterus and cervix. (Condren, 2007, para 1-10). It is essential that all nursing staff make ensure that the clinic is running smoothly and look after any general needs you have, such as dressings and medicines during the treatment. The nurses in the radiotherapy department can also give information and advice about the treatment and they give practical support. Question #7: What changes occur to the Integumentary System during aging How does this affect the health of elderly people Answer: The term integumentary system is used to describe an organ that consist of the skin, its derivatives (sweat and oil glands), nails and hair. The basic function of this system is the protection. The skin consists of epidermis and dermis. Epidermis consists of following three types of cells: keratinocytes, melanocytes, Merkel cells and Algerians cells) and dermis. These cells are arranged in different layers namely Stratum basale, Stratum spinosum, Stratum granulasum, Stratum lucidum and Stratum Corneum. The basic functions of these cells are to produce keratin (Keratinocytes) and melanin (Melanocytes), to activate the immune system as macrophages (Langerhans cells) and to act as sensory receptors. Demies consists of papillary and reticular layers and are richly supplied with nerves (sensory receptors), blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, sweat and sebaceous glands derived from the epidermis. Also the accessory structures include hair, nail and glands. During aging integumentary system disorder like acne, athletes foot, boils, fever blisters, impetigo, warts, alopecia, burns, calluses (corns), cancers, dandruff, eczema and moles psoriasis become more obvious as after fifty years, wrinkles and sagging of the skin becomes more noticeable. Some of them are infectious (contagious) or non- infectious and are caused by bacteria or virus or fungus. Also the deterioration of collagen, elastic fibers; decrease in sebaum production, decrease in melanin production, decrease in content and decomposition of cutaneous fat are prominent because of aging. Since aging deteriorates the immune systems hence the above mentioned integumentary system disorders greatly affect the health condition of elderly people (The Integumentary System, n.d., para. 1-8). Bibliography Condren, L. (2007). The facts about Radiotherapy. Irish Health. Retrieved September 26, 2007 from, http://medmediacampaign.com/index.htmllevel=4&id=4273&var=print Introduction to Infection Prevention. (n.d.). Infection Prevention Guidelines. Retrieved September 26, 2007. http://www.reproline.jhu.edu/English/4morerh/4ip/IP_manual/01_Introduction.pdf Scanlon, V. C. & Sanders, T. (2003). Essentials of anatomy and physiology, 5th. Retrieved September 26, 2007. http://www.fadavis.com/related_resources/1_2258_1038.pdf THE INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM. (n.d.). Retrieved September 26, 2007. www.gpc.edu/decms/ibim/integument.htm Urban, M. (2007). Viral Infection: Introduction. The MERCK MANUALS ON LINE MEDICL LIBRARY. Retrieved September 26, 2007 from http://www.merck.com/mmhe/sec17/ch198/ch198a.html# Wan, J. Q., Kub, P., Tanyanyiwa, J., Rainelli, A. & Hauser, P.C. (2004). Determination of major inorganic ions in blood serum and urine by capillary electrophoresis with contactless conductivity detection. Analytica Chimica Acta, 525. Retrieved September 26, 2007 from http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/00032670 Weber, C. (2007). ROLES OF POTASSIUM IN THE BODY. Retrieved September 26, 2007 from, http://charles_w.tripod.com/arthritis4.html Read More
Cite this document
  • APA
  • MLA
  • CHICAGO
(“Negative feedback mechanisms Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words”, n.d.)
Retrieved from https://studentshare.org/biology/1510329-negative-feedback-mechanisms
(Negative Feedback Mechanisms Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 Words)
https://studentshare.org/biology/1510329-negative-feedback-mechanisms.
“Negative Feedback Mechanisms Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 Words”, n.d. https://studentshare.org/biology/1510329-negative-feedback-mechanisms.
  • Cited: 1 times

CHECK THESE SAMPLES OF Negative feedback mechanisms

Biol 232 Human Physiology - Answers to questions

In one or two sentences, briefly describe the functional relationship between Negative feedback mechanisms and homeostasis.... negative feedback b.... The negative feedback results from the response of the body as it reverses the imbalance (Saladin, 2009).... For instance, a decrease in blood sugar level results in negative feedback, instigating the homeostatic mechanisms to raise the blood sugar level, whereas if the sugar level has increased, the mechanisms will trigger a decrease in blood sugar levels....
2 Pages (500 words) Essay

Joint Strike Fighter

Positive and Negative feedback mechanisms are the two broad divisions of feedback mechanism.... Most systems share common characteristics that include; maintenance of an internal steady state, presence of inputs, processing, output and feedback mechanisms, display emergent properties that are peculiar to the whole, and have boundaries defined by the system observer.... The elements of control include a feedback mechanism that offers descriptive and comprehensive information on the input, output and processing aspects of the system....
5 Pages (1250 words) Term Paper

The Phenomenon of Aging

Hypothalamus is a main regulator of hormones in our body and responds by various Negative feedback mechanisms.... Is ageing inevitably associated with disease?... Name University Is ageing inevitably associated with disease?... Introduction: Phenomenon of aging is universally applicable and is well understood by most as a natural physiological process whereby changes take place in a human body that leads to ageing....
6 Pages (1500 words) Essay

Homeostasis in humans

Human… These, work together with other systems present, towards maintaining homeostasis through negative feedback (Guyton & Hall, 2006:307).... This is exemplified by the function of human skin, with an increase in temperature necessitating thermo-receptor feedback to the brain's hypothalamus....
6 Pages (1500 words) Essay

Physiolocal principles For health and social care

Every bone is a composite of living organs made up of many osteocytes, protein fibers and minerals such as calcium and phosphorous.... Skeletal system provides support and protection of delicate visceral organs such… This is the hardest part of human body made up of twenty-two bones joined together....
12 Pages (3000 words) Essay

Homeostasis in the Human Body

The Negative feedback mechanisms found when the body regulates temperature, blood pressure, and heart rate.... However, the body will employ some mechanisms to cool itself.... Most systems in the body maintain homeostasis by either use of a negative or positive feedback mechanism.... On the other hand, the positive feedback mechanism is a rare mechanism that works by causing even greater changes in the body system instead of restoring the body systems in their normal states....
7 Pages (1750 words) Assignment

Is Ageing Inevitably Associated with Disease

The paper "Is Ageing Inevitably Associated with Disease?... discusses the case of ageing, which is or not inevitably associated with the disease, including the use of in-depth examples of Alzheimer, Osteoarthritis and many other diseases, to discuss theories of ageing and how it impacts on health....
6 Pages (1500 words) Report

Amino Acid Found in the Protein

In this pathway, regulation is majorly dependent on both positive and Negative feedback mechanisms.... Specifically, the positive feedback control mechanism is essential in the ripening of fruits and senescence of flowers.... The following assignment under the title "Amino Acid Found in the Protein" is focused on the origin of the protein....
6 Pages (1500 words) Assignment
sponsored ads
We use cookies to create the best experience for you. Keep on browsing if you are OK with that, or find out how to manage cookies.
Contact Us